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<p>The widespread distribution of alkaline minerals in the Fengcheng Formation suggests their potential influence on the formation’s mechanical behavior, particularly regarding time-dependent deformation processes such as creep. However, the specific creep characteristics of its predominant constituents—eitelite and shortite—remain poorly constrained, which limits predictive capabilities for hydraulic fracturing operations. This study investigates the creep properties of these two key minerals through nanoindentation testing on samples with varying thermal maturity levels. Experimental results reveal three key observations: (1) Both minerals exhibit progressive creep deformation, initiating with rapid strain accumulation and followed by gradual stabilization; (2) Using a 60-second holding stage in testing protocols enhances fracture toughness measurements by over 20% compared to standard methods; (3) Comparative analysis demonstrates that these alkaline minerals, unlike organic constituents, exhibit thermally dependent fracture toughness divergence between experimental protocols, with discrepancies amplifying progressively with thermal maturation. As the first systematic investigation of creep behavior of two major alkaline minerals (eitelite and shortite) in lacustrine shale plays, this study provides insights that could assist in better understanding the mechanical response of the Fengcheng Formation and similar plays around the globe.</p>

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Creep effect on mechanical properties of alkaline minerals in organic-rich lacustrine shale plays: taking eitelite and shortite for examples

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月23日

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  • Peilin Zhang,
  • Kouqi Liu,
  • Wenjun He,
  • Zhichao Wang,
  • Mehdi Ostadhassan

摘要

The widespread distribution of alkaline minerals in the Fengcheng Formation suggests their potential influence on the formation’s mechanical behavior, particularly regarding time-dependent deformation processes such as creep. However, the specific creep characteristics of its predominant constituents—eitelite and shortite—remain poorly constrained, which limits predictive capabilities for hydraulic fracturing operations. This study investigates the creep properties of these two key minerals through nanoindentation testing on samples with varying thermal maturity levels. Experimental results reveal three key observations: (1) Both minerals exhibit progressive creep deformation, initiating with rapid strain accumulation and followed by gradual stabilization; (2) Using a 60-second holding stage in testing protocols enhances fracture toughness measurements by over 20% compared to standard methods; (3) Comparative analysis demonstrates that these alkaline minerals, unlike organic constituents, exhibit thermally dependent fracture toughness divergence between experimental protocols, with discrepancies amplifying progressively with thermal maturation. As the first systematic investigation of creep behavior of two major alkaline minerals (eitelite and shortite) in lacustrine shale plays, this study provides insights that could assist in better understanding the mechanical response of the Fengcheng Formation and similar plays around the globe.