<p>To investigate the uniaxial compression characteristics of carbonaceous mudstone soil-rock mixture (CMSRM) subjected to dry-wet cycles, uniaxial compression tests were performed on CMSRM with varying dry-wet cycles and rock block proportions (RBP). The results indicate that both the number of dry-wet cycles and RBP significantly affect the stress-strain relationship, uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), failure strain, and elastic modulus of CMSRM. The stress-strain curves for CMSRM consistently display strain softening, with failure occurring in a brittle manner. Notably, UCS, failure strain, and elastic modulus decrease as RBP and the number of dry-wet cycles increase. This trend is primarily attributed to the evolution of the internal structure of the sample from a “dense-suspended” configuration to a “skeleton-void” structure as RBP increases. Furthermore, the strength of the rock blocks within the CMSRM is lower than that of the fine-grained soil. Dry-wet cycles induce irreversible damage in the CMSRM and reduce the bonding capacity between the soil and rock components. A binary medium model of dry-wet cycles CMSRM was developed based on the concept of a binary medium from a microscopic perspective. Comparisons of the model’s predictions with experimental values demonstrate that the proposed model effectively predicts the uniaxial compressive stress-strain curve of CMSRM under dry-wet cycles.</p>