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<p>Coral sand is extensively distributed across the islands and reefs of the South China Sea, whereas its inherent brittleness and high crushability present substantial engineering challenges. This study examined the enhancement of coral sand through reinforcement with recycled tyre strips, aiming to achieve both mechanical improvement and sustainable waste utilization. A series of triaxial shear tests were performed to explore the effects of relative density, confining pressure, and reinforcement layering on shear strength, dilatancy, and particle breakage behavior. The results indicated that reinforcement reduced particle crushing by 10.78–46.26% and lowered the relative breakage index through stress redistribution at the sand-strip interface. The peak shear strength increased by 22–52%, particularly under low-density and low-confining-pressure conditions, while volumetric strains were stabilized and the critical void ratio was reduced. The critical state line shifted upward, reflecting higher critical stress ratios and sustained shear resistance under elevated effective stresses. However, stress concentration at the sand-strip interface intensified particle breakage under high confining pressures, leading to a reduction in the peak friction angle. The multilayer reinforcement progressively enhanced strength parameters, whereas with diminishing returns, as the strength benefit ratio decreased from 1.4 to 1.32 with increasing reinforcement layers. High-density coral sand demonstrated a relatively limited improvement owing to inherent particle interlocking. Recycled tyre strips improved interfacial toughness, redistributed stress transmission, and preserved particle integrity, thereby providing an optimized framework for coral sand reinforcement in coastal infrastructure and achieving a balance between mechanical performance and environmental sustainability.</p>

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Drained shear behavior of coral sand reinforced with recycled tyre strips

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月29日

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  • Yunteng Huang,
  • Jiru Zhang

摘要

Coral sand is extensively distributed across the islands and reefs of the South China Sea, whereas its inherent brittleness and high crushability present substantial engineering challenges. This study examined the enhancement of coral sand through reinforcement with recycled tyre strips, aiming to achieve both mechanical improvement and sustainable waste utilization. A series of triaxial shear tests were performed to explore the effects of relative density, confining pressure, and reinforcement layering on shear strength, dilatancy, and particle breakage behavior. The results indicated that reinforcement reduced particle crushing by 10.78–46.26% and lowered the relative breakage index through stress redistribution at the sand-strip interface. The peak shear strength increased by 22–52%, particularly under low-density and low-confining-pressure conditions, while volumetric strains were stabilized and the critical void ratio was reduced. The critical state line shifted upward, reflecting higher critical stress ratios and sustained shear resistance under elevated effective stresses. However, stress concentration at the sand-strip interface intensified particle breakage under high confining pressures, leading to a reduction in the peak friction angle. The multilayer reinforcement progressively enhanced strength parameters, whereas with diminishing returns, as the strength benefit ratio decreased from 1.4 to 1.32 with increasing reinforcement layers. High-density coral sand demonstrated a relatively limited improvement owing to inherent particle interlocking. Recycled tyre strips improved interfacial toughness, redistributed stress transmission, and preserved particle integrity, thereby providing an optimized framework for coral sand reinforcement in coastal infrastructure and achieving a balance between mechanical performance and environmental sustainability.