<p>In-situ stress parameters are crucial for the design of construction support structures and disaster prevention in underground roadways. Lithology is a critical factor influencing the distribution characteristics of the in-situ stress field, which has not been thoroughly studied yet. To address the aforementioned issues, this study first establishes a computational mechanical model for the hydraulic fracturing method based on elastic mechanics. Subsequently, a self-designed small-aperture hydraulic fracturing in-situ stress test system is developed and applied in the western Guizhou mining area of China to measure in-situ stress measurements and investigate the lithology effects. Results indicate that a typical tectonic stress field, with the maximum horizontal stress as the major principal stress, characterizes the mining area. The in-situ stress values increase linearly with depth but exhibit discrete anomalies. The ratios of horizontal to vertical stress (<i>K</i>_<i>Hv</i>, <i>K</i>_<i>hv</i>, <i>K</i>_<i>av</i>) decrease with increasing depth and eventually stabilize toward specific values. Different rock masses’ maximum horizontal stress values increase with depth, but their growth gradients vary significantly, implying the in-situ stress field that is not controlled by a single factor. Additionally, the test system developed in this study provides new equipment and methodologies for in-situ stress measurements. Overall, the findings offer valuable data support for the design, construction, and support optimization of underground roadways in the western Guizhou mining area and similar regions.</p>