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<p>Calcareous sand serves as a critical construction material for infrastructure development in the South China Sea region. Despite extensive macroscopic research, understanding of micro-scale failure mechanisms under complex loading conditions remains limited due to challenges in sample preparation and testing apparatus limitations. This study introduces a novel experimental methodology to investigate the micromechanical behaviour of artificially cemented calcareous sand particles under compression, combined compression-shear, and compression-shear-bending conditions using a custom-designed particle mould and specialized loading apparatus. Compression tests revealed three distinct failure modes (vertical cracks, inclined cracks, and combined patterns), with samples exhibiting vertical and combined fractures demonstrating higher peak resistance. The particle-bond interface morphology significantly influenced the strength characteristics. Critical cracks predominantly initiated at particle-cement interfaces with propagation velocities of 50–60&#xa0;mm/s. In shear tests, failure occurred through either particle-bond interface debonding or bond fracture, with local contact geometry inversely affecting shear resistance. During bending tests, normal force emerged as a governing parameter significantly influencing mechanical response, while increasing eccentricity shifted the dominant failure mechanism from shear-controlled to bending-controlled. This research provides new insights into the micromechanical behaviour of cemented calcareous sands, establishing critical reference data for computational modelling and advancing understanding of cemented granular materials from micro to macro scales.</p>

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Granular cementation failure mapped at microscale: novel apparatus quantifies compression-shear-bending interactions in marine calcareous sands

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月30日

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  • Wanying Wang,
  • Zifeng Lu,
  • Matthew Richard Coop,
  • Degao Chen,
  • Qingzi Luo

摘要

Calcareous sand serves as a critical construction material for infrastructure development in the South China Sea region. Despite extensive macroscopic research, understanding of micro-scale failure mechanisms under complex loading conditions remains limited due to challenges in sample preparation and testing apparatus limitations. This study introduces a novel experimental methodology to investigate the micromechanical behaviour of artificially cemented calcareous sand particles under compression, combined compression-shear, and compression-shear-bending conditions using a custom-designed particle mould and specialized loading apparatus. Compression tests revealed three distinct failure modes (vertical cracks, inclined cracks, and combined patterns), with samples exhibiting vertical and combined fractures demonstrating higher peak resistance. The particle-bond interface morphology significantly influenced the strength characteristics. Critical cracks predominantly initiated at particle-cement interfaces with propagation velocities of 50–60 mm/s. In shear tests, failure occurred through either particle-bond interface debonding or bond fracture, with local contact geometry inversely affecting shear resistance. During bending tests, normal force emerged as a governing parameter significantly influencing mechanical response, while increasing eccentricity shifted the dominant failure mechanism from shear-controlled to bending-controlled. This research provides new insights into the micromechanical behaviour of cemented calcareous sands, establishing critical reference data for computational modelling and advancing understanding of cemented granular materials from micro to macro scales.