<p>The stability control of roadway surrounding rock in weakly cemented soft rock strata is becoming increasingly crucial in western mining areas. At the Jintong coal mine, this study involved on-site investigations and borehole inspections to understand the deformation and instability characteristics of the roadway. XRD and SEM analyses were used to determine the mineral composition and microstructure of the surrounding rocks, shedding light on the microscopic mechanisms underlying roadway instability. Laboratory experiments analyzed the effects of water on the physical–mechanical properties, crack development, and acoustic emission characteristics of weakly cemented coal-rock composite samples, clarifying the deformation and instability mechanisms. Based on the stress softening and swelling characteristics of weakly cemented rock masses, a large deformation constitutive model was established. The theoretical plastic zone radius was then compared with measured results. Additionally, a comprehensive support scheme was proposed, incorporating multi-dimensional dual-gradient grouting control technology and NPR anchor bolts with high pre-stress compensated support, based on grouting mechanisms and high pre-stress support theory. Field monitoring results showed that this support scheme effectively controlled instability. This research provides valuable insights for roadway support in similar engineering geological conditions in Northwest mining areas.</p>