<p>The highly non-spherical nature of smoke particles, such as black carbon (BC) aerosols, significantly affects their light scattering and polarization properties. To analyze the optical response characteristics of complex multi-sphere soot aggregates, this paper systematically calculates and analyzes the scattering matrices and polarization properties across several typical lidar wavelengths based on the Cluster–Cluster Aggregation (CCA) model and using the Multiple Sphere T-matrix (MSTM) method. By examining the effects of scale parameters, microstructural parameters, and size parameters separately, this study analyzes the modulation of light scattering characteristics in complex fractal clusters by multiple factors. The results indicate that scale parameters significantly influence the scattering and polarization responses of soot clusters; under short-wavelength conditions, forward scattering is enhanced, and certain polarization parameters exhibit higher sensitivity to structural changes; as the wavelength increases, the differences in polarization responses among clusters with different structures gradually diminish, showing a trend toward convergence with the response of an equivalent spherical particle. The influence of microstructural parameters on polarization characteristics exhibits distinct wavelength dependence, while the modulating effect of an increased number of primary monomers on certain polarization parameters tends to level off over a relatively large range of N. Overall, the influence of scale parameters and overall size parameters on polarization scattering characteristics is relatively more pronounced. The multi-wavelength, multi-parameter comparative analysis framework established in this study can provide a numerical simulation reference for the inversion of black carbon aerosol microphysical parameters using multi-wavelength polarization lidar.</p>