<p>This study investigates the entanglement and squeezing characteristics of light generated by a non-degenerate, coherently driven three-level laser in an open cavity, coupled to a two-mode vacuum reservoir through a single-port mirror. By normal ordering the noise operators, we simplified the calculations and derived the evolution equations for the atomic operators using the master equation. From the steady-state solutions, we determined the average of the photon number, the quadrature variance of radiation, entanglement, the normalized second-order correlation of the cavity radiation, the linear correlation coefficient between the two modes, and fluctuations in intensity difference. Our findings indicate that higher spontaneous emission rates significantly decrease the average photon number, while the amplitude of the pumping mode interacting with the parametric amplifier (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10043_2025_960_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="11" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\varepsilon$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ε</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) increases it. Enhanced squeezing is observed with increasing (<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10043_2025_960_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="11" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\varepsilon$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ε</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), reaching a peak at <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10043_2025_960_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="60" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\varepsilon = 0.03$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>ε</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.03</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10043_2025_960_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="56" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$(72.6\%)$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>72.6</mn> <mo>%</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Moreover, spontaneous emission enhances squeezing. A direct correlation between squeezing and entanglement is found, with greater squeezing associated with increased entanglement. These insights have significant implications for advancing quantum technologies, such as quantum communication, where controlled squeezing and entanglement improve secure communication channels and signal-to-noise ratios, quantum computing, where they enhance error correction protocols and gate operation efficiencies, and quantum sensing, where they increase sensitivity for more precise measurements of physical quantities.</p>

Quantum characteristics of a nondegenerate three-level laser with parametric amplification in an open cavity

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发表日期：

2025年3月6日

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Aliyyi Adem

摘要

This study investigates the entanglement and squeezing characteristics of light generated by a non-degenerate, coherently driven three-level laser in an open cavity, coupled to a two-mode vacuum reservoir through a single-port mirror. By normal ordering the noise operators, we simplified the calculations and derived the evolution equations for the atomic operators using the master equation. From the steady-state solutions, we determined the average of the photon number, the quadrature variance of radiation, entanglement, the normalized second-order correlation of the cavity radiation, the linear correlation coefficient between the two modes, and fluctuations in intensity difference. Our findings indicate that higher spontaneous emission rates significantly decrease the average photon number, while the amplitude of the pumping mode interacting with the parametric amplifier ( $\varepsilon$ $ε$ ) increases it. Enhanced squeezing is observed with increasing ( $\varepsilon$ $ε$ ), reaching a peak at $\varepsilon = 0.03$ $ε = 0.03$ $(72.6\%)$ $(72.6 %)$ . Moreover, spontaneous emission enhances squeezing. A direct correlation between squeezing and entanglement is found, with greater squeezing associated with increased entanglement. These insights have significant implications for advancing quantum technologies, such as quantum communication, where controlled squeezing and entanglement improve secure communication channels and signal-to-noise ratios, quantum computing, where they enhance error correction protocols and gate operation efficiencies, and quantum sensing, where they increase sensitivity for more precise measurements of physical quantities.