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<p>Tracer tests are among the most widely used and effective approaches for delineating hydraulic connectivity and constraining structural parameters in subsurface hydrogeologic systems. However, the conventional solute tracer sodium fluorescein (FLS) suffers from strong molecular diffusion, low resistance to environmental interference, pronounced tailing, and long breakthrough times, making it poorly suited for repeated or time-sensitive tests. Advances in nanomaterials provide a promising alternative, as engineered nanoparticle tracers exhibit inherently low dispersion, strong interference resistance, and transport behaviors that are highly sensitive to fracture geometry and groundwater flow conditions. In this study, nanoparticle transport processes were investigated using residence time distribution (RTD) analysis, employing fluorescent silica nanoparticles and polystyrene nanoparticles as nanoparticle tracers. Temporal moment analysis shows that FLS retains advantages in detecting subtle heterogeneity within fracture networks, whereas nanoparticle tracers achieve substantially higher apparent velocities and lower dispersion coefficients, thereby reducing both test duration and material consumption. These findings offer practical guidance for selecting tracer types optimized for characterizing subsurface structures and groundwater dynamics in engineering and hydrogeologic applications.</p>

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Divergent transport behaviors of fluorescent nanoparticles versus sodium fluorescein in fractured media

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月24日

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  • Shihao Luo,
  • Botao Wang,
  • Zhiheng Wang,
  • Kaipeng Zhuang,
  • Rentai Liu,
  • Zelai Liao,
  • Guoqiang Liu

摘要

Tracer tests are among the most widely used and effective approaches for delineating hydraulic connectivity and constraining structural parameters in subsurface hydrogeologic systems. However, the conventional solute tracer sodium fluorescein (FLS) suffers from strong molecular diffusion, low resistance to environmental interference, pronounced tailing, and long breakthrough times, making it poorly suited for repeated or time-sensitive tests. Advances in nanomaterials provide a promising alternative, as engineered nanoparticle tracers exhibit inherently low dispersion, strong interference resistance, and transport behaviors that are highly sensitive to fracture geometry and groundwater flow conditions. In this study, nanoparticle transport processes were investigated using residence time distribution (RTD) analysis, employing fluorescent silica nanoparticles and polystyrene nanoparticles as nanoparticle tracers. Temporal moment analysis shows that FLS retains advantages in detecting subtle heterogeneity within fracture networks, whereas nanoparticle tracers achieve substantially higher apparent velocities and lower dispersion coefficients, thereby reducing both test duration and material consumption. These findings offer practical guidance for selecting tracer types optimized for characterizing subsurface structures and groundwater dynamics in engineering and hydrogeologic applications.