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<p>Bank filtration (BF) is an effective water treatment method that removes contaminants such as pathogens, heavy metals, and organic compounds. While previous studies have shown its efficiency in algae removal, further investigation is needed to understand how temperature and infiltration rate affect algae transport in porous media. This study explores algae behavior in BF through column experiments simulating aquifer flow under varying temperatures (10–30&#xa0;°C) and infiltration rates (0.65–2.61 m<sup>3</sup>&#xa0;m<sup>−2</sup> d<sup>−1</sup>). PERMANOVA analysis confirmed that both temperature and infiltration rate significantly influenced retention rates. Lower infiltration rates exhibited heightened algae retention due to prolonged residence times, enhancing adsorption and biodegradation. Column tests using a cultivated single species of cyanobacteria (<i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>) indicated that elevated temperatures (20–30&#xa0;°C) correlate with increased retention rates, aligning with enhanced metabolic activity aiding biodegradation. However, efficiency declined at 30&#xa0;°C, suggesting an optimal range between 20 and 30&#xa0;°C for biodegradation without adverse effects. Column tests with Elbe River (Germany) water samples showed even greater algae retention than the single-species tests, highlighting the role of diverse morphologies and filamentous algae in improving retention. Additionally, high temperatures and light intensity promote algae colony formation and cell growth, which further enhances retention in porous media. These findings suggest that BF systems in tropical regions may achieve higher algae removal efficiency. Similarly, systems in subtropical and temperate regions may perform better during warmer seasons, such as summer, compared to winter.</p>

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Effects of temperature and infiltration rate on algae retention in porous media during the bank filtration process

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月26日

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  • Jonathas B. A. Freitas,
  • Jaime J. S. P. Cabral,
  • Anderson L. R. Paiva,
  • Thomas Grischek

摘要

Bank filtration (BF) is an effective water treatment method that removes contaminants such as pathogens, heavy metals, and organic compounds. While previous studies have shown its efficiency in algae removal, further investigation is needed to understand how temperature and infiltration rate affect algae transport in porous media. This study explores algae behavior in BF through column experiments simulating aquifer flow under varying temperatures (10–30 °C) and infiltration rates (0.65–2.61 m3 m−2 d−1). PERMANOVA analysis confirmed that both temperature and infiltration rate significantly influenced retention rates. Lower infiltration rates exhibited heightened algae retention due to prolonged residence times, enhancing adsorption and biodegradation. Column tests using a cultivated single species of cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa) indicated that elevated temperatures (20–30 °C) correlate with increased retention rates, aligning with enhanced metabolic activity aiding biodegradation. However, efficiency declined at 30 °C, suggesting an optimal range between 20 and 30 °C for biodegradation without adverse effects. Column tests with Elbe River (Germany) water samples showed even greater algae retention than the single-species tests, highlighting the role of diverse morphologies and filamentous algae in improving retention. Additionally, high temperatures and light intensity promote algae colony formation and cell growth, which further enhances retention in porous media. These findings suggest that BF systems in tropical regions may achieve higher algae removal efficiency. Similarly, systems in subtropical and temperate regions may perform better during warmer seasons, such as summer, compared to winter.