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<p>Understanding soil shear behavior improves insights into how soil responds to shear forces caused by machinery, tillage, and seeding, as well as natural processes. This study investigated the compression and shear properties of sandy loam (SL), sandy clay loam (SCL), clay loam (CL), and clay (C) soils. Soil samples were tested under normal stresses ranging from 0 to 200&#xa0;kPa using a compression and shear test apparatus (Royal Eijkelkamp<sup>®</sup>), measuring bulk density, shear stress, soil cohesion, internal friction angles, and soil water matrix. A discrete element model (DEM) was developed to simulate the shearing behavior of these soils under the same normal stresses. Experimental results showed that SL soil exhibited the highest bulk density change from compression, while C soil had the highest shear strength. Internal friction angle was lowest for CL soil (39.42°) and highest for C soil (49.19°). Soil cohesion followed the order: CL &gt; SCL &gt; SL &gt; C. DEM simulations revealed that increasing normal stress enhanced particle packing and shear resistance, while higher bulk densities reduced soil erosion susceptibility. The relative errors between measured and simulated shear strength values ranged from 1.10% to 12.71%. These findings enhance the understanding of shear behavior of different soil types.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Measurements and DEM modelling of soil shear behavior under varying normal stresses for different soils

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月28日

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  • Ernest Owusu-Sekyere,
  • Ying Chen

摘要

Understanding soil shear behavior improves insights into how soil responds to shear forces caused by machinery, tillage, and seeding, as well as natural processes. This study investigated the compression and shear properties of sandy loam (SL), sandy clay loam (SCL), clay loam (CL), and clay (C) soils. Soil samples were tested under normal stresses ranging from 0 to 200 kPa using a compression and shear test apparatus (Royal Eijkelkamp®), measuring bulk density, shear stress, soil cohesion, internal friction angles, and soil water matrix. A discrete element model (DEM) was developed to simulate the shearing behavior of these soils under the same normal stresses. Experimental results showed that SL soil exhibited the highest bulk density change from compression, while C soil had the highest shear strength. Internal friction angle was lowest for CL soil (39.42°) and highest for C soil (49.19°). Soil cohesion followed the order: CL > SCL > SL > C. DEM simulations revealed that increasing normal stress enhanced particle packing and shear resistance, while higher bulk densities reduced soil erosion susceptibility. The relative errors between measured and simulated shear strength values ranged from 1.10% to 12.71%. These findings enhance the understanding of shear behavior of different soil types.

Graphical Abstract