<p>The Tibetan Plateau, often called the “Third Pole,” hosts ecosystems that are highly sensitive to extreme climatic events. Although research on climate change and ecological processes in this region has advanced, our understanding of ecosystem productivity in terms of resistance and resilience to extreme climate disturbances remains limited. Using remote sensing data, this study systematically quantified the resistance and resilience of plateau ecosystems to extreme temperature events, revealing diverse carbon-cycle responses. The results indicate that approximately 73% of the plateau experienced increased NEP during extreme hot weather, whereas over 59% showed declines under extreme cold, highlighting the asymmetric effects of temperature extremes on carbon dynamics. Spatial patterns are evident in the resistance and resilience of ecosystem carbon uptake under extreme temperature events. Under extreme hot events, resistance generally increases from west to east, whereas resilience decreases, forming a tendency toward a high-resistance–low-resilience versus low-resistance–high-resilience pattern. Forests and meadows maintain high resistance (0.74, 0.79) with relatively stable carbon uptake, whereas steppes show lower resistance (0.66) but higher resilience (0.48). Under extreme cold events, overall resistance declines, yet the inverse relationship between resistance and resilience largely persists. Forests and meadows remain relatively resistant (0.69, 0.62), while steppes rely more heavily on resilience (0.45) to offset climate-induced reductions in carbon uptake, reflecting distinct carbon-cycle adaptation strategies among ecosystem types. This study enhances understanding of carbon cycling in plateau ecosystems and provides a basis for predicting how the Tibetan Plateau’s carbon sink may respond to future climate scenarios.</p>