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<p>Due to the increased demand for these energy storage systems, the search for new materials specialized for flexible supercapacitors has also garnered significant attention. Hydrogel-based supercapacitors have emerged as promising candidates in this domain due to their exceptional ionic conductivity, tunable chemistry, and intrinsic flexibility. In this review, the evolving role of hydrogels as electrolytes and multifunctional interfaces between electronics and the human body has been explored. Here, the fundamental working principles of supercapacitors have been explained, followed by an in-depth discussion of hydrogel classifications and their integration with advanced electrode materials such as MXenes, carbon nanostructures, and conductive polymers. Emphasis is placed on fabrication strategies and recent breakthroughs in stretchable, self-healing, and multifunctional hydrogel systems. Multiple key challenges have been addressed as well, including water retention, long-term stability, and scalable production. This review aims to guide both material scientists and wearable system designers toward holistic, next-generation solutions. In this review, the potential of smart hydrogels and bio integrated systems to reshape the landscape of wearable energy storage was investigated, pushing the field beyond performance metrics toward seamless, real-world integration.</p>

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Recent advancements in hydrogel-based wearable supercapacitors

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月21日

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  • Mehdi Mehrpooya,
  • Parsa Fadavi,
  • Zeynab Amrahpoor,
  • Mahsa Torabi,
  • Mohammad Reza Ganjali,
  • Reza Askari Moghadam

摘要

Due to the increased demand for these energy storage systems, the search for new materials specialized for flexible supercapacitors has also garnered significant attention. Hydrogel-based supercapacitors have emerged as promising candidates in this domain due to their exceptional ionic conductivity, tunable chemistry, and intrinsic flexibility. In this review, the evolving role of hydrogels as electrolytes and multifunctional interfaces between electronics and the human body has been explored. Here, the fundamental working principles of supercapacitors have been explained, followed by an in-depth discussion of hydrogel classifications and their integration with advanced electrode materials such as MXenes, carbon nanostructures, and conductive polymers. Emphasis is placed on fabrication strategies and recent breakthroughs in stretchable, self-healing, and multifunctional hydrogel systems. Multiple key challenges have been addressed as well, including water retention, long-term stability, and scalable production. This review aims to guide both material scientists and wearable system designers toward holistic, next-generation solutions. In this review, the potential of smart hydrogels and bio integrated systems to reshape the landscape of wearable energy storage was investigated, pushing the field beyond performance metrics toward seamless, real-world integration.