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<p>Levofloxacin (LEV) is widely used to treat human and animal infections. However, overuse of this antibiotic poses a risk to the ecosystem and food safety. Therefore, developing a robust analytical method to monitor LEV residues is of great importance. Herein, an efficient and highly stable molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based electrochemical sensing interface has been designed by using TiO<sub>2</sub>-functionalized titanium carbide (TC) for the selective determination of LEV. The TiO<sub>2</sub>/TC hybrid was synthesized by the in situ growth of TiO<sub>2</sub> on the surface of TC sheets via a facile one-pot hydrothermal route. Subsequently, MIP films were grown on the substrate via the electropolymerization technique. The morphological, spectroscopic, and structural properties of the proposed MIP sensor were investigated using several analytical and electrochemical methods. The 2D/2D TiO<sub>2</sub>/TC hybrid improves the electrocatalytic activity and facilitates a large number of binding sites for the specific detection of LEV. Under all the optimized parameters, the fabricated sensor, i.e., MIP@TiO<sub>2</sub>/TC/ITO, exhibits high binding affinity towards LEV with a broad linear range (1&#xa0;pM–100&#xa0;nM), an extremely low detection limit (0.41&#xa0;pM), and high sensitivity. Moreover, this sensor shows good reproducibility and long-term stability, resulting in a useful sensing platform to determine the LEV in spiked real samples with satisfactory outcomes.</p>

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Titanium dioxide grafted MXene-based molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the ultrasensitive determination of levofloxacin

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月8日

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  • Divya Hudda,
  • Devendra Kumar

摘要

Levofloxacin (LEV) is widely used to treat human and animal infections. However, overuse of this antibiotic poses a risk to the ecosystem and food safety. Therefore, developing a robust analytical method to monitor LEV residues is of great importance. Herein, an efficient and highly stable molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based electrochemical sensing interface has been designed by using TiO2-functionalized titanium carbide (TC) for the selective determination of LEV. The TiO2/TC hybrid was synthesized by the in situ growth of TiO2 on the surface of TC sheets via a facile one-pot hydrothermal route. Subsequently, MIP films were grown on the substrate via the electropolymerization technique. The morphological, spectroscopic, and structural properties of the proposed MIP sensor were investigated using several analytical and electrochemical methods. The 2D/2D TiO2/TC hybrid improves the electrocatalytic activity and facilitates a large number of binding sites for the specific detection of LEV. Under all the optimized parameters, the fabricated sensor, i.e., MIP@TiO2/TC/ITO, exhibits high binding affinity towards LEV with a broad linear range (1 pM–100 nM), an extremely low detection limit (0.41 pM), and high sensitivity. Moreover, this sensor shows good reproducibility and long-term stability, resulting in a useful sensing platform to determine the LEV in spiked real samples with satisfactory outcomes.