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<p>Lead acid batteries (LABs) could solve all the problems in renewable energy storage of ultra-large scale (up to GW/TWh) due to their cost-efficiency, reliability and recyclability. The ultra-large&#xa0;scale storage demands large-capacity LABs with enhanced performance. To investigate the impact of plate size and discharge rate on discharge performance of LABs, we have constructed three-dimensional models considering the conductivities of grid and active materials, electrochemical reactions, and mass transfer to simulate galvanostatic discharge processes. The simulations show that inherent electrical resistance causes inhomogeneous distributions of potential and overpotential, which result in uneven reaction rate across the plates that causes even more inhomogeneous distribution of current density, sulfuric acid concentration and depth of discharge. During high-rate discharge of large electrode, the increased ohmic voltage drop, coupled with slow mass transfer of sulfuric acid, causes lower utilization of active materials located at the positions further away from the lug and sulfuric acid stratification. These simulations provide insights for optimizing the design of LABs.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Numerical simulation of lead-acid battery (I): the impact of plate size and discharge rate on its performance

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月25日

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  • Yifan Zhang,
  • Tian Jiang,
  • Zhiliang Guo,
  • Yujie Hou,
  • Yuli Zhang,
  • Xinyi Wan,
  • Qian Lu,
  • Ran Chen,
  • Lixu Lei

摘要

Lead acid batteries (LABs) could solve all the problems in renewable energy storage of ultra-large scale (up to GW/TWh) due to their cost-efficiency, reliability and recyclability. The ultra-large scale storage demands large-capacity LABs with enhanced performance. To investigate the impact of plate size and discharge rate on discharge performance of LABs, we have constructed three-dimensional models considering the conductivities of grid and active materials, electrochemical reactions, and mass transfer to simulate galvanostatic discharge processes. The simulations show that inherent electrical resistance causes inhomogeneous distributions of potential and overpotential, which result in uneven reaction rate across the plates that causes even more inhomogeneous distribution of current density, sulfuric acid concentration and depth of discharge. During high-rate discharge of large electrode, the increased ohmic voltage drop, coupled with slow mass transfer of sulfuric acid, causes lower utilization of active materials located at the positions further away from the lug and sulfuric acid stratification. These simulations provide insights for optimizing the design of LABs.

Graphical Abstract