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Purpose <p>Quantitative assessment of facial morphology is fundamental for diagnosis, treatment planning, and outcome monitoring in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Three-dimensional (3D) facial imaging technologies offer superior reliability and reproducibility compared to conventional two-dimensional (2D) methods. This scoping review synthesizes current evidence on 3D facial scanning applications in maxillofacial surgery, evaluating diagnostic accuracy, monitoring performance, reproducibility, and clinical feasibility.</p> Methods <p>Searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for studies published between 2000 and 2025. Twenty clinical studies met the inclusion criteria and underwent methodological quality assessment using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist.</p> Results <p>Stereophotogrammetry was the predominant imaging modality (70% of studies), frequently combined with cone-beam computed tomography. Primary clinical applications included orthognathic surgery with facial asymmetry assessment (50% of studies), evaluation of postoperative edema and swelling following third molar extraction and bimaxillary procedures, facial palsy reanimation, and treatment of cleft-related deformities. Three-dimensional scanning demonstrated high reliability and reproducibility in quantifying soft-tissue changes, symmetry indices, and dynamic facial mobility, with significantly greater precision than 2D photography. Multimodal approaches integrating 3D surface scans with skeletal imaging provided complementary outcome measures. Eighteen of 20 studies demonstrated low risk of bias. However, substantial heterogeneity in scanning devices, post-processing software, and analytical protocols limited cross-study comparisons.</p> Conclusions <p>Three-dimensional facial scanning offers accurate and clinically useful soft-tissue assessment, surpassing 2D methods and enhancing radiographic imaging. Broader integration requires standardized protocols, robust comparative trials, and evaluation of cost-effectiveness.</p>

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Three-dimensional facial scanning in oral and maxillofacial surgery: a scoping review of clinical applications, accuracy, and outcomes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月14日

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  • Ömer Uranbey,
  • Suat Aktaş,
  • Merve Nur Cennetoğlu,
  • Hasan Şeker,
  • Burcu Gürsoytrak,
  • Kamil Nelke

摘要

Purpose

Quantitative assessment of facial morphology is fundamental for diagnosis, treatment planning, and outcome monitoring in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Three-dimensional (3D) facial imaging technologies offer superior reliability and reproducibility compared to conventional two-dimensional (2D) methods. This scoping review synthesizes current evidence on 3D facial scanning applications in maxillofacial surgery, evaluating diagnostic accuracy, monitoring performance, reproducibility, and clinical feasibility.

Methods

Searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for studies published between 2000 and 2025. Twenty clinical studies met the inclusion criteria and underwent methodological quality assessment using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist.

Results

Stereophotogrammetry was the predominant imaging modality (70% of studies), frequently combined with cone-beam computed tomography. Primary clinical applications included orthognathic surgery with facial asymmetry assessment (50% of studies), evaluation of postoperative edema and swelling following third molar extraction and bimaxillary procedures, facial palsy reanimation, and treatment of cleft-related deformities. Three-dimensional scanning demonstrated high reliability and reproducibility in quantifying soft-tissue changes, symmetry indices, and dynamic facial mobility, with significantly greater precision than 2D photography. Multimodal approaches integrating 3D surface scans with skeletal imaging provided complementary outcome measures. Eighteen of 20 studies demonstrated low risk of bias. However, substantial heterogeneity in scanning devices, post-processing software, and analytical protocols limited cross-study comparisons.

Conclusions

Three-dimensional facial scanning offers accurate and clinically useful soft-tissue assessment, surpassing 2D methods and enhancing radiographic imaging. Broader integration requires standardized protocols, robust comparative trials, and evaluation of cost-effectiveness.