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Objectives <p>This study evaluated the effects of two universal adhesives, applied under three protocols, self-etch (SE), conventional total-etch (CTE), and modified total-etch (MTE) with 1% (w/v) gallic acid, on shear bond strength (SBS), iron retention, and surface characteristics of noncontaminated and ferric sulfate-contaminated dentin.</p> Materials and methods <p>One hundred eighty dentin specimens prepared from ninety extracted human molars were allocated to 12 groups (<i>n</i> = 15) by adhesive type (All Bond Universal [ABU] or Tokuyama Universal Bond [TUB]), application protocol (SE, CTE, or MTE), and contamination condition (noncontaminated or 20% ferric sulfate-contaminated [ViscoStat]. After composite build-up and 5,000x thermocycling, SBS was measured. Surface morphology (<i>n</i> = 3, 6 groups) and elemental composition (<i>n</i> = 5, 5 groups) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). SBS data were analyzed by three-way ANOVA (α = 0.05).</p> Results <p>All three variables significantly affected SBS (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). SE yielded the lowest SBS values (17.46 ± 3.19&#xa0;MPa) among all protocols (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). CTE and MTE protocols showed comparable SBS values (20.30 ± 3.20 vs. 20.80 ± 3.05&#xa0;MPa; <i>p</i> = 0.591). After ferric sulfate contamination, CTE produced no detectable iron residue, whereas MTE retained iron-associated surface deposits. EDS revealed descriptively higher mineral content in gallic acid-conditioned dentin, and SEM showed protocol-dependent surface patterns.</p> Conclusions <p>Gallic acid yielded short-term bond strength comparable to phosphoric acid, while inducing a more conservative surface modification. However, gallic acid conditioning following ferric sulfate contamination should be regarded cautiously, as iron-associated deposits are preserved.</p> Clinical relevance <p>Gallic acid may be considered a conservative preconditioning option for noncontaminated dentin. After ferric sulfate contamination, phosphoric acid remains the more predictable choice given its iron-removal capacity.</p>

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Gallic acid as a biointeractive dentin conditioning agent for universal adhesives: bond strength, iron retention, and surface characterization following ferric sulfate hemostatic contamination

  • 期刊论文

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月26日

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  • Nasibe Aycan Yılmaz

摘要

Objectives

This study evaluated the effects of two universal adhesives, applied under three protocols, self-etch (SE), conventional total-etch (CTE), and modified total-etch (MTE) with 1% (w/v) gallic acid, on shear bond strength (SBS), iron retention, and surface characteristics of noncontaminated and ferric sulfate-contaminated dentin.

Materials and methods

One hundred eighty dentin specimens prepared from ninety extracted human molars were allocated to 12 groups (n = 15) by adhesive type (All Bond Universal [ABU] or Tokuyama Universal Bond [TUB]), application protocol (SE, CTE, or MTE), and contamination condition (noncontaminated or 20% ferric sulfate-contaminated [ViscoStat]. After composite build-up and 5,000x thermocycling, SBS was measured. Surface morphology (n = 3, 6 groups) and elemental composition (n = 5, 5 groups) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). SBS data were analyzed by three-way ANOVA (α = 0.05).

Results

All three variables significantly affected SBS (p < 0.001). SE yielded the lowest SBS values (17.46 ± 3.19 MPa) among all protocols (p < 0.001). CTE and MTE protocols showed comparable SBS values (20.30 ± 3.20 vs. 20.80 ± 3.05 MPa; p = 0.591). After ferric sulfate contamination, CTE produced no detectable iron residue, whereas MTE retained iron-associated surface deposits. EDS revealed descriptively higher mineral content in gallic acid-conditioned dentin, and SEM showed protocol-dependent surface patterns.

Conclusions

Gallic acid yielded short-term bond strength comparable to phosphoric acid, while inducing a more conservative surface modification. However, gallic acid conditioning following ferric sulfate contamination should be regarded cautiously, as iron-associated deposits are preserved.

Clinical relevance

Gallic acid may be considered a conservative preconditioning option for noncontaminated dentin. After ferric sulfate contamination, phosphoric acid remains the more predictable choice given its iron-removal capacity.