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Introduction <p>This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial, cytotoxic, proliferative, migratory, and immunomodulatory potential of Bio-C Sealer and Bio-C Sealer ion + extracts compared to AH Plus, using human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs).</p> Materials and methods <p>Initially, the minimum concentrations of sealer extracts required to inhibit the growth of <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> and <i>Candida albicans</i> were determined. hPDLSCs were then obtained from extracted third molars of young donors and cultured under standard conditions. Cells were characterized by flow cytometry using mesenchymal stem cell markers (CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105) and a negative cocktail of hematopoietic markers, following the minimal criteria of the International Society for Cellular Therapy. Subsequently, the cytotoxic, proliferative, and migratory effects on hPDLSCs were assessed using MTT, Trypan Blue exclusion and scratch assays. Finally, the gene expression profile of hPDLSCs exposed to sealer extracts was analyzed by qPCR. Statistical differences were evaluated using one-way and two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc tests.</p> Results <p>AH Plus and Bio-C Sealer ion + inhibited 100% of <i>E. faecalis</i> growth at extract dilutions of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4. However, only undiluted extracts of AH Plus, Bio-C Sealer, and Bio-C Sealer ion + completely inhibited <i>C. albicans</i> growth. The cytotoxicity of all sealers was dose-dependent in hPDLSC cultures, with lower cell viability observed in undiluted extracts: AH Plus (55%), Bio-C Sealer (69%), and Bio-C Sealer ion + (72%) (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001). Bio-C Sealer ion + extract (1:4) promoted the highest rate of cell migration and proliferation after 48&#xa0;h (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001). Regarding gene expression, bioceramic sealers-maintained levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 similar to the control condition, whereas AH Plus upregulated these cytokines. Conclusions: Bioceramic sealers exhibited satisfactory antimicrobial activity with moderate cytotoxicity. Moreover, they enhanced wound closure and maintained cytokine expression at levels comparable to the control condition in periodontal ligament stem cells. </p> Clinical relevance <p>Bioceramic sealers such as Bio-C Sealer and Bio-C Sealer ion + demonstrated superior biological compatibility compared with AH Plus, including lower cytotoxicity, enhanced cell migration and proliferation, and effective control of inflammatory cytokine induction. These properties suggest greater safety for endodontic use and potential to promote tissue healing and long-term clinical success.</p>

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Antimicrobial, toxicity, and cellular interactions of bioceramic sealers in periodontal ligament: in vitro insights

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月13日

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  • Raquel Figuerêdo Ramos,
  • Johnny Carvalho da Silva,
  • Maria Ester França de Melo,
  • Larissa Barbosa de Sousa,
  • Mayara Alves de Oliveira,
  • Elizabete Cristina Iseke Bispo,
  • Rosiane Andrade Costa,
  • Danilo César Mota Martins,
  • Amandda Évelin Silva-Carvalho,
  • Eliete Neves Silva Guerra,
  • Felipe Saldanha-Araújo,
  • Taia Maria Berto Rezende

摘要

Introduction

This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial, cytotoxic, proliferative, migratory, and immunomodulatory potential of Bio-C Sealer and Bio-C Sealer ion + extracts compared to AH Plus, using human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs).

Materials and methods

Initially, the minimum concentrations of sealer extracts required to inhibit the growth of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans were determined. hPDLSCs were then obtained from extracted third molars of young donors and cultured under standard conditions. Cells were characterized by flow cytometry using mesenchymal stem cell markers (CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105) and a negative cocktail of hematopoietic markers, following the minimal criteria of the International Society for Cellular Therapy. Subsequently, the cytotoxic, proliferative, and migratory effects on hPDLSCs were assessed using MTT, Trypan Blue exclusion and scratch assays. Finally, the gene expression profile of hPDLSCs exposed to sealer extracts was analyzed by qPCR. Statistical differences were evaluated using one-way and two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc tests.

Results

AH Plus and Bio-C Sealer ion + inhibited 100% of E. faecalis growth at extract dilutions of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4. However, only undiluted extracts of AH Plus, Bio-C Sealer, and Bio-C Sealer ion + completely inhibited C. albicans growth. The cytotoxicity of all sealers was dose-dependent in hPDLSC cultures, with lower cell viability observed in undiluted extracts: AH Plus (55%), Bio-C Sealer (69%), and Bio-C Sealer ion + (72%) (p < 0.0001). Bio-C Sealer ion + extract (1:4) promoted the highest rate of cell migration and proliferation after 48 h (p < 0.0001). Regarding gene expression, bioceramic sealers-maintained levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 similar to the control condition, whereas AH Plus upregulated these cytokines. Conclusions: Bioceramic sealers exhibited satisfactory antimicrobial activity with moderate cytotoxicity. Moreover, they enhanced wound closure and maintained cytokine expression at levels comparable to the control condition in periodontal ligament stem cells.

Clinical relevance

Bioceramic sealers such as Bio-C Sealer and Bio-C Sealer ion + demonstrated superior biological compatibility compared with AH Plus, including lower cytotoxicity, enhanced cell migration and proliferation, and effective control of inflammatory cytokine induction. These properties suggest greater safety for endodontic use and potential to promote tissue healing and long-term clinical success.