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Background <p>Blood flow patterns and microvascular perfusion are the main determinants of vascular function. While Doppler ultrasound (DUS) remains the cornerstone of vascular imaging, its limitations in the visualization of complex flow patterns and microvasculature pose challenges. The US-based vector flow imaging (VFI) and microvascular imaging (MVI) techniques have recently been introduced to complement DUS and overcome these limitations.</p> Objective <p>This narrative review presents the technical principles and applications of VFI and MVI in the field of vascular imaging, highlighting their complementarity and potential impact on future diagnostics and treatment assessment in vascular medicine.</p> Conclusion <p>The use of VFI enables the accurate visualization of multidirectional blood flow in macrovessels, while MVI enables monitoring of slow microvascular flow in tissues. Together, they enable a&#xa0;unique multiscale assessment of the vascular system.</p>

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Modern vector flow and microvascular imaging—Applications, opportunities and challenges

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月27日

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  • Nikolina-Alexia Fasoula,
  • Michael Kallmayer,
  • Angelos Karlas

摘要

Background

Blood flow patterns and microvascular perfusion are the main determinants of vascular function. While Doppler ultrasound (DUS) remains the cornerstone of vascular imaging, its limitations in the visualization of complex flow patterns and microvasculature pose challenges. The US-based vector flow imaging (VFI) and microvascular imaging (MVI) techniques have recently been introduced to complement DUS and overcome these limitations.

Objective

This narrative review presents the technical principles and applications of VFI and MVI in the field of vascular imaging, highlighting their complementarity and potential impact on future diagnostics and treatment assessment in vascular medicine.

Conclusion

The use of VFI enables the accurate visualization of multidirectional blood flow in macrovessels, while MVI enables monitoring of slow microvascular flow in tissues. Together, they enable a unique multiscale assessment of the vascular system.