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Background <p>In translational wound research three-dimensional wound models are becoming increasingly more important as they depict the complex pathophysiological processes of chronic wounds, such as hypoxia, pH gradients, biofilms and immunological dysregulation more realistically than classical 2D or animal models.</p> Objective <p>Presentation of the current state of modern 3D wound models, analysis of their realism, evaluation of possible applications in research, clinical and industrial contexts as well as classification of their translational potential for wounds relevant to vascular medicine.</p> Material and methods <p>A&#xa0;detailed literature search of medical databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE) was carried out. A&#xa0;narrative overview based on the current literature, systematic presentation of the model categories and a&#xa0;comparative analysis of their biological, functional and technical properties are presented.</p> Results and conclusion <p>The use of 3D models enables the investigation of central mechanisms of wound healing under conditions relevant to humans. Ex-vivo skin and skin-on-chip offer the highest physiological validity. Bioprinting opens up standardized and patient-specific approaches. Fields of application include material and wound dressing testing, biofilm and immune research, cell/gene therapies, high-throughput screening and the simulation of clinical scenarios, such as diabetic or ischemic ulcers; however, none of the models fully depicts the entire complexity of clinical wounds. In particular, perfusion, adaptive immune responses and long-term remodelling of the extracellular matrix remain challenges. Nevertheless, 3D models substantially improve the translational predictability and are becoming important building blocks of personalized wound treatment.</p>

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3D-Modelle in der Wundforschung – „nice-to-have“ oder Abbilder der Realität?

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月2日

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  • Julian-Dario Rembe,
  • Qvarnaki Suppiyar,
  • Marah S. Roth,
  • Wiebke Ibing,
  • Hubert Schelzig,
  • Wasseem Garabet

摘要

Background

In translational wound research three-dimensional wound models are becoming increasingly more important as they depict the complex pathophysiological processes of chronic wounds, such as hypoxia, pH gradients, biofilms and immunological dysregulation more realistically than classical 2D or animal models.

Objective

Presentation of the current state of modern 3D wound models, analysis of their realism, evaluation of possible applications in research, clinical and industrial contexts as well as classification of their translational potential for wounds relevant to vascular medicine.

Material and methods

A detailed literature search of medical databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE) was carried out. A narrative overview based on the current literature, systematic presentation of the model categories and a comparative analysis of their biological, functional and technical properties are presented.

Results and conclusion

The use of 3D models enables the investigation of central mechanisms of wound healing under conditions relevant to humans. Ex-vivo skin and skin-on-chip offer the highest physiological validity. Bioprinting opens up standardized and patient-specific approaches. Fields of application include material and wound dressing testing, biofilm and immune research, cell/gene therapies, high-throughput screening and the simulation of clinical scenarios, such as diabetic or ischemic ulcers; however, none of the models fully depicts the entire complexity of clinical wounds. In particular, perfusion, adaptive immune responses and long-term remodelling of the extracellular matrix remain challenges. Nevertheless, 3D models substantially improve the translational predictability and are becoming important building blocks of personalized wound treatment.