Gewebereaktion nach Implantation von Fremdmaterial/Gefäßprothesen

The long-term functionality of alloplastic synthetic vascular graft materials is critically dependent on their biocompatibility and biotolerance. The inevitable implant reaction, a foreign body and inflammatory response, depend on the physicochemical properties of the foreign material and is described in detail in this article. Additionally, the interactions between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory reactions and possible causes of implant failure are discussed.

The nature and coating of the contact surface of the implant are key factors influencing the outcome, underlining the practical importance of these analyses. Macrophages play a crucial role in this context. Furthermore, not only the material properties but also patient-specific factors play a significant role. The antigen-presenting function of phagocytic cells suggests the formation of specific antibodies and memory cells against biomaterials. The clinical implications with respect to preventive diagnostics and optimization of implants require a better individual understanding of the highly variable responses of the cellular and humoral immune systems; however, future research offers the potential to assess possible patient-induced or material-induced adverse reactions and therefore to optimize the long-term outcomes of synthetic vascular prostheses for patients.