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<p>Current practices to measure the impact of human activity on groundwater quality, as part of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD), focus on diffuse sources of pollution from agriculture (i.e. mainly nitrate and pesticides). Here, we use the results of a&#xa0;systematic program for monitoring quality, covering more than 15&#xa0;years of observations at 64&#xa0;wells within a&#xa0;medium sized European city to understand how groundwater quality is affected by urban land use.</p><p>In summary, a&#xa0;total of 115 different substances of concern (e.g., pesticides, neonicotinoids, per- and polyfluorinated compounds (PFAS), flame-retardants, explosives, pharmaceuticals, hydrocarbons, solvents, personal care products) have been analyzed. The results show that there is not a&#xa0;single well without detection of an emerging contaminant. We found, on average, 14 (ranging from 4&#xa0;to&#xa0;25) substances per well. Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) was most abundant with a&#xa0;detection rate of 97%. PFAS (other than TFA), the flame-retardant TCPP, perchlorate, 1,4-dioxane, pharmaceuticals and pesticides were also frequently detected. Notably, pesticides and their degradation products in concentrations above WFD quality standards were found in the vicinity of farmland and within the city.</p><p>Further, groundwater temperatures ranged from close to the rural background (11 °C) to 18 °C indicating pronounced heat sources in the city.</p><p>Many of the detected compounds (including temperature, which is increasingly recognized as a&#xa0;stressor for groundwater ecosystems) are neither currently regulated, nor do they have clearly defined environmental quality standards. These findings merit deeper consideration of urban groundwater quality, and how to asses it within the context of the WFD.</p>

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Urban groundwater quality: a comprehensive survey of emerging pollutants below a medium-sized European city

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月9日

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  • Thomas Riedel,
  • Annette Piepenbrock,
  • Gerhard Schertzinger,
  • Ingrid Weitzel

摘要

Current practices to measure the impact of human activity on groundwater quality, as part of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD), focus on diffuse sources of pollution from agriculture (i.e. mainly nitrate and pesticides). Here, we use the results of a systematic program for monitoring quality, covering more than 15 years of observations at 64 wells within a medium sized European city to understand how groundwater quality is affected by urban land use.

In summary, a total of 115 different substances of concern (e.g., pesticides, neonicotinoids, per- and polyfluorinated compounds (PFAS), flame-retardants, explosives, pharmaceuticals, hydrocarbons, solvents, personal care products) have been analyzed. The results show that there is not a single well without detection of an emerging contaminant. We found, on average, 14 (ranging from 4 to 25) substances per well. Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) was most abundant with a detection rate of 97%. PFAS (other than TFA), the flame-retardant TCPP, perchlorate, 1,4-dioxane, pharmaceuticals and pesticides were also frequently detected. Notably, pesticides and their degradation products in concentrations above WFD quality standards were found in the vicinity of farmland and within the city.

Further, groundwater temperatures ranged from close to the rural background (11 °C) to 18 °C indicating pronounced heat sources in the city.

Many of the detected compounds (including temperature, which is increasingly recognized as a stressor for groundwater ecosystems) are neither currently regulated, nor do they have clearly defined environmental quality standards. These findings merit deeper consideration of urban groundwater quality, and how to asses it within the context of the WFD.