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<p>With the aim of developing a model suitable for forensic ink analysis and establishing a comprehensive basic library of ink profiles available on the local market, a robust methodology involving high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), image processing and chemometrics was developed, marking the first systematic investigation of blue ballpoint pen inks in Serbia for forensic purposes. In total, 18 blue ink samples were analysed under optimised extraction and chromatographic conditions, generating unique chromatographic profiles that revealed compositional differences. HPTLC profile plots, showing the dependence of colour intensity as a function of distance, form the basic ink library of reference samples against which the profiles of disputed samples could be compared. Principal component analysis classified inks into single-pigment and complex-pigment formulations. Key components differentiating inks were identified through loadings plots. The proposed protocol was additionally verified on a dispute document. This study establishes the basic and foundational library and reproducible HPTLC-based methodology, advancing forensic ink analysis in Serbia.</p>

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High-performance thin-layer chromatography–chemometric approach for the forensic discrimination of ballpoint pen ink samples collected in Serbia

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月26日

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  • Nataša Radosavljević-Stevanović,
  • Božidar Otašević,
  • Petar Ristivojević,
  • Dušanka Milojković-Opsenica,
  • Jelena Trifković

摘要

With the aim of developing a model suitable for forensic ink analysis and establishing a comprehensive basic library of ink profiles available on the local market, a robust methodology involving high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), image processing and chemometrics was developed, marking the first systematic investigation of blue ballpoint pen inks in Serbia for forensic purposes. In total, 18 blue ink samples were analysed under optimised extraction and chromatographic conditions, generating unique chromatographic profiles that revealed compositional differences. HPTLC profile plots, showing the dependence of colour intensity as a function of distance, form the basic ink library of reference samples against which the profiles of disputed samples could be compared. Principal component analysis classified inks into single-pigment and complex-pigment formulations. Key components differentiating inks were identified through loadings plots. The proposed protocol was additionally verified on a dispute document. This study establishes the basic and foundational library and reproducible HPTLC-based methodology, advancing forensic ink analysis in Serbia.