Purpose <p>Postpartum depression (PPD) is a serious mental health concern with a high prevalence in India. For working women from economically disadvantaged backgrounds, awareness of PPD symptoms and available support is essential for early detection and management. However, due to the social stigma associated with mental disorder, general health literacy may not automatically translate into postpartum depression literacy (PPDL). This study investigates the key determinants of PPDL among economically disadvantaged working women in urban India.</p> Methods <p>A cross-sectional study was conducted in Hyderabad and Lucknow between March and August 2024. Using a two-stage sampling method based on socioeconomic indicators, 998 women employed in physically demanding jobs were recruited. The data were collected using the PoDLiS and HLS-EU-Q16 instruments. Descriptive statistics and a two-stage least squares (2SLS) regression model were used to examine the associations and explain the possible endogeneity between health literacy and PPDL.</p> Results <p>The mean PPDL score was 95.11 (SD = 13.58). Higher monthly household expenditure was positively associated with PPDL, whereas the general health literacy showed a marginally significant inverse relationship. Religion, caste, nuclear family structure, abortion history, and lower personal income were also significantly associated with PPDL. The model explained 17% of the variance.</p> Conclusion <p>The findings highlighted that there is a need for PPD - focused mental health education. To support women from economically marginalised backgrounds, policies and programmes must be designed to overcome social stigma and the everyday barriers they face when accessing mental care.</p>