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Purpose <p>To investigate variations in ocular parameters (Dry Eye Questionnaire&#xa0;5 [DEQ-5], blink rate, non-invasive break-up time [NIBUT], tear meniscus height [TMH], meibomian gland [MG] loss, and eyelid margin abnormalities) and their relationship with digital device usage. Additionally, we compared these parameters between two geographically close regions, Galicia (Spain) and Região Norte (Portugal), to assess potential regional influences.</p> Methods <p>This cross-sectional observational study included 33&#xa0;participants from Galicia (84.4% women) and 31&#xa0;from Região Norte (64.5% women). Participants’ ocular symptomatology was assessed via an online standardized questionnaire and DEQ‑5, while ocular health was assessed by slit-lamp examination, tear film assessment (with a&#xa0;Tearscope), and meibography. Parameters such as blink rate, NIBUT, TMH, eyelid margin abnormalities, and MG health were measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistics software.</p> Results <p>Significant differences in NIBUT and TMH were observed between participants from Spain and Portugal (both, <i>p</i> ≤ 0.020). Subjective and objective screen use did not significantly impact the main ocular parameters evaluated (<i>p</i> ≥ 0.109). Correlation analysis indicated that the MG integrity was associated with NIBUT (all, <i>r</i> ≥ −0.251, <i>p</i> ≤ 0.048).</p> Conclusion <p>Regional differences in NIBUT and TMH seem to be related to age and potentially demographic and lifestyle factors rather than screen use. Although prolonged device use is often linked to ocular discomfort, it was not identified as a&#xa0;determining factor in this study. The correlations between NIBUT and MG parameters highlight the critical role of these glands in maintaining ocular surface health. Future studies should explore additional variables, such as diet and pollution, to better understand these interactions.</p>

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Ocular health and tear film stability: regional differences between Spain and Portugal

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月3日

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  • Fabiana Sousa,
  • Jacobo Garcia-Queiruga,
  • Belen Sabucedo-Villamarin,
  • Sergio Vazquez-Gomez,
  • Madalena Lira

摘要

Purpose

To investigate variations in ocular parameters (Dry Eye Questionnaire 5 [DEQ-5], blink rate, non-invasive break-up time [NIBUT], tear meniscus height [TMH], meibomian gland [MG] loss, and eyelid margin abnormalities) and their relationship with digital device usage. Additionally, we compared these parameters between two geographically close regions, Galicia (Spain) and Região Norte (Portugal), to assess potential regional influences.

Methods

This cross-sectional observational study included 33 participants from Galicia (84.4% women) and 31 from Região Norte (64.5% women). Participants’ ocular symptomatology was assessed via an online standardized questionnaire and DEQ‑5, while ocular health was assessed by slit-lamp examination, tear film assessment (with a Tearscope), and meibography. Parameters such as blink rate, NIBUT, TMH, eyelid margin abnormalities, and MG health were measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistics software.

Results

Significant differences in NIBUT and TMH were observed between participants from Spain and Portugal (both, p ≤ 0.020). Subjective and objective screen use did not significantly impact the main ocular parameters evaluated (p ≥ 0.109). Correlation analysis indicated that the MG integrity was associated with NIBUT (all, r ≥ −0.251, p ≤ 0.048).

Conclusion

Regional differences in NIBUT and TMH seem to be related to age and potentially demographic and lifestyle factors rather than screen use. Although prolonged device use is often linked to ocular discomfort, it was not identified as a determining factor in this study. The correlations between NIBUT and MG parameters highlight the critical role of these glands in maintaining ocular surface health. Future studies should explore additional variables, such as diet and pollution, to better understand these interactions.