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<p>Ensuring effective protection for payloads during aerial operations—whether involving drones, helicopters, or airdropped objects—remains a critical challenge due to their widespread commercial and military use. This paper proposes an adaptable airbag-based protection system equipped with innovative semi-passive valve for controlled gas outflow. The introduced valve incorporates a custom-shaped shutter vent and, unlike typical kinematics-driven solutions such as metering pins, utilizes pressure-driven motion of a mobile valve’s piston during the landing process. The predesigned dynamics of the valve’s piston enables the required change in the shutter vent area, allowing precise&#xa0;outflow&#xa0;control&#xa0;and consequently ensuring desired force and deceleration profiles. Optimal valve design is achieved through a hybrid analytical–numerical method, iteratively alternating between an analytical system model and CFD simulations of gas outflow. It is demonstrated that the proposed adaptable system dissipates the entire impact energy and maintains protected object’s deceleration at almost constant level, achieving efficiency comparable to semi-active systems. As a result, it effectively minimizes overloads during emergency landings and increases safety of passengers and payloads.</p>

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Adaptable airbag-based system with semi-passive valve for improved impact protection

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月20日

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  • Michał Niedzielczyk,
  • Cezary Graczykowski,
  • Lech Knap

摘要

Ensuring effective protection for payloads during aerial operations—whether involving drones, helicopters, or airdropped objects—remains a critical challenge due to their widespread commercial and military use. This paper proposes an adaptable airbag-based protection system equipped with innovative semi-passive valve for controlled gas outflow. The introduced valve incorporates a custom-shaped shutter vent and, unlike typical kinematics-driven solutions such as metering pins, utilizes pressure-driven motion of a mobile valve’s piston during the landing process. The predesigned dynamics of the valve’s piston enables the required change in the shutter vent area, allowing precise outflow control and consequently ensuring desired force and deceleration profiles. Optimal valve design is achieved through a hybrid analytical–numerical method, iteratively alternating between an analytical system model and CFD simulations of gas outflow. It is demonstrated that the proposed adaptable system dissipates the entire impact energy and maintains protected object’s deceleration at almost constant level, achieving efficiency comparable to semi-active systems. As a result, it effectively minimizes overloads during emergency landings and increases safety of passengers and payloads.