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<p>Graphene-based nanocomposites offer exceptional multifunctional performance, yet conventional higher-order beam models struggle to accurately predict interlaminar stresses in functionally graded graphene nanoplatelet-reinforced composites (FG-GNPRC) under hygrothermal loading due to abrupt stiffness variation and mismatched hygrothermal expansion across layers. This study proposes an enhanced higher-order beam formulation that integrates hygrothermal-induced transverse normal strain directly into the displacement field without introducing additional degrees of freedom. Traction-free boundary conditions are enforced, and first-order transverse displacement derivatives are removed, enabling an efficient C<sup>0</sup> continuous finite element implementation. A three-node beam element is developed and validated against three-dimensional elasticity solutions, demonstrating excellent accuracy in predicting interlaminar shear stresses. Comparative analyses further reveal clear improvements over existing higher-order theories. Parametric studies quantify the influence of key design parameters on the hygrothermal response of FG-GNPRC beams. The proposed framework offers a computationally efficient and physically consistent approach for accurately capturing through-thickness hygrothermal behavior in graded nanocomposite beams.</p>

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Hygrothermal analysis of composite beams with graphene nanoplatelet reinforcements

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月21日

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  • Rui Ma,
  • Mingran Zhang,
  • Quanyi Liu,
  • Fanzeng Guo,
  • Abdul Ghaffar,
  • Manyu Zhang,
  • Qilin Jin

摘要

Graphene-based nanocomposites offer exceptional multifunctional performance, yet conventional higher-order beam models struggle to accurately predict interlaminar stresses in functionally graded graphene nanoplatelet-reinforced composites (FG-GNPRC) under hygrothermal loading due to abrupt stiffness variation and mismatched hygrothermal expansion across layers. This study proposes an enhanced higher-order beam formulation that integrates hygrothermal-induced transverse normal strain directly into the displacement field without introducing additional degrees of freedom. Traction-free boundary conditions are enforced, and first-order transverse displacement derivatives are removed, enabling an efficient C0 continuous finite element implementation. A three-node beam element is developed and validated against three-dimensional elasticity solutions, demonstrating excellent accuracy in predicting interlaminar shear stresses. Comparative analyses further reveal clear improvements over existing higher-order theories. Parametric studies quantify the influence of key design parameters on the hygrothermal response of FG-GNPRC beams. The proposed framework offers a computationally efficient and physically consistent approach for accurately capturing through-thickness hygrothermal behavior in graded nanocomposite beams.