<p>This study develops a unified framework to analyze the random vibration, thermo-electro-magnetic response, and mechanical behavior of an elastically restrained piezoelectric nanobeam, incorporating the influence of surface effects under various boundary conditions. The model employs Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity theory together with surface-related factors such as surface stress, surface elasticity, and surface density to capture size-dependent characteristics. The governing equations are derived using Hamilton’s principle. The study further investigates the effects of spring stiffness, nonlocal parameters, applied electric potential, temperature variation, magnetic potential, and moisture concentration. The findings offer useful insights for the design and optimization of nanostructures operating in complex or variable environments.</p>