<p>The most recent progress of carbon-based nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and metal oxides, noble metals, metal–organic framework (MOF) derived hybrids, and polymer-functional films that exhibit good electrochemistry performance for epinephrine monitoring are summarized in this review. Various synthesis strategies including hydrothermal method, chemical reduction, sol–gel process, co-precipitation route, and thermal decomposition are elaborately elucidated as well as functionalization methods (acid oxidation, polymer wraps, and heteroatom doping), hybridisations with metal nanoparticles, metal oxides, and conducting polymers that effectively improve catalytic activity, electron-transfer kinetics, and anti-fouling capacity. The comparative studies indicate that CNT-based sensors exhibit ultrahigh electron transition speed, the graphene architectures exhibit excellent sensitivity and adsorption capacity (especially based on π–π interaction), and the CQDs also achieve strong dispersibility and noiseless performance which are beneficial to wearable devices. Although reaching nanomolar-to-sub-nanomolar detection limits, current platforms suffer from limitations, such as low repeatability, material instability, electrode fouling, or weak performance in complex biological fluids. Novel prospects including MXene carbon hybrids, MOF–polymer composites, machine learning-assisted signal processing, green synthesis routes, and flexible microfluidic-integrated sensing platforms show promising approaches to achieve reliable point-of-care epinephrine monitoring.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>