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<p>The proposed work reports the easy, low-cost, and sensitive voltammetric determination of diphenhydramine (DPHN) at a disposable pencil graphite electrode (PGE) without time-consuming and multiple sensor preparation steps. The electrochemical behavior of DPHN was investigated at different bare electrodes, such as glassy carbon electrode&#xa0;(GCE), carbon paste electrode&#xa0;(CPE), screen-printed carbon electrode&#xa0;(SPCE), and PGE, by both cyclic voltammetry&#xa0;(CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The results of the voltammetric measurements showed that the PGE exhibits a high voltammetric response to the oxidation of DPHN. The DPV measurements also indicated that the PGE shows a lower detection limit (0.38 µM), a broad linear range (1.0–50 µM), and a notable sensitivity (7673 µA mM<sup>-1</sup> cm<sup>-2</sup>) towards the voltammetric determination of DPHN. The proposed platform also shows high selectivity for the determination of DPHN in the presence of many potential interferents. The applicability of the sensor was successfully tested in a pharmaceutical cream and acceptable results were obtained with high accuracy and precision.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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The cost-effective, trouble-free, and disposable voltammetric determination of antihistaminic drug diphenhydramine at a pencil graphite electrode

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月23日

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  • Serkan Karakaya

摘要

The proposed work reports the easy, low-cost, and sensitive voltammetric determination of diphenhydramine (DPHN) at a disposable pencil graphite electrode (PGE) without time-consuming and multiple sensor preparation steps. The electrochemical behavior of DPHN was investigated at different bare electrodes, such as glassy carbon electrode (GCE), carbon paste electrode (CPE), screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE), and PGE, by both cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The results of the voltammetric measurements showed that the PGE exhibits a high voltammetric response to the oxidation of DPHN. The DPV measurements also indicated that the PGE shows a lower detection limit (0.38 µM), a broad linear range (1.0–50 µM), and a notable sensitivity (7673 µA mM-1 cm-2) towards the voltammetric determination of DPHN. The proposed platform also shows high selectivity for the determination of DPHN in the presence of many potential interferents. The applicability of the sensor was successfully tested in a pharmaceutical cream and acceptable results were obtained with high accuracy and precision.

Graphical Abstract