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<p>Accurate parameterization of equivalent circuit models (ECMs) is essential for reliable state estimation and dynamic simulation of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. These models provide a representation of the electrochemical processes governing cell behavior and are widely applied across various fields, including electric mobility, stationary energy storage, avionics, and industrial applications. This work investigates two commonly employed approaches for ECM parameter identification: galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Both methods were applied to Li-ion cells under controlled laboratory conditions and the parameters of a 3RC model were extracted and analyzed. This study compares time-domain and frequency-domain parameterization, addressing their methodological differences, measurement requirements, and resulting model characteristics. The identified models were validated using real racing data from the TU Brno Racing Formula Student electric vehicle. Both approaches achieved very good agreement between simulated and measured voltage responses, with root mean square errors of 9.86&#xa0;mV for the EIS-based model and 9.61&#xa0;mV for the GITT-based model. While the difference in accuracy is minor, the GITT-based model showed slightly better performance under highly dynamic operating conditions. The results indicate that the GITT-based approach can achieve reliable 3RC ECM parameterization without the need for specialized laboratory equipment, while providing voltage response accuracy comparable to that obtained using EIS, with a marginal improvement observed in this study.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Comparison of equivalent circuit model parameterization using GITT and EIS

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月16日

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  • Marek Sedlařík,
  • Petr Vyroubal,
  • Jakub Lysák,
  • Martin Mačák,
  • Martin Šedina,
  • Tomáš Kazda

摘要

Accurate parameterization of equivalent circuit models (ECMs) is essential for reliable state estimation and dynamic simulation of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. These models provide a representation of the electrochemical processes governing cell behavior and are widely applied across various fields, including electric mobility, stationary energy storage, avionics, and industrial applications. This work investigates two commonly employed approaches for ECM parameter identification: galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Both methods were applied to Li-ion cells under controlled laboratory conditions and the parameters of a 3RC model were extracted and analyzed. This study compares time-domain and frequency-domain parameterization, addressing their methodological differences, measurement requirements, and resulting model characteristics. The identified models were validated using real racing data from the TU Brno Racing Formula Student electric vehicle. Both approaches achieved very good agreement between simulated and measured voltage responses, with root mean square errors of 9.86 mV for the EIS-based model and 9.61 mV for the GITT-based model. While the difference in accuracy is minor, the GITT-based model showed slightly better performance under highly dynamic operating conditions. The results indicate that the GITT-based approach can achieve reliable 3RC ECM parameterization without the need for specialized laboratory equipment, while providing voltage response accuracy comparable to that obtained using EIS, with a marginal improvement observed in this study.

Graphical abstract