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<p>A low-cost, simplified electrochemical system was developed using three identical copper wire electrodes, serving as the working, counter, and reference electrodes. This design offers material uniformity and suitability for disposable sensors. The cyclic voltammogram obtained from the three-identical-copper-electrode configuration closely resembles that of a conventional system using a Ag/AgCl reference electrode. This simplified system is best suited for analyzing species at pH levels above 7 to minimize oxidative corrosion of the copper electrodes. The stability of the copper wire pseudo-reference electrode was evaluated through inter-day and intra-day cyclic voltammetry, consisting of 100 cycles per run at a scan rate of 50&#xa0;mV/s. These stability assessments were performed using a 2.5&#xa0;mM&#xa0;K₃[Fe(CN)₆] solution. The optimized three-copper-electrode setup produced well-defined voltammograms, showing a distinct shift in the oxidation peak potential of 0.129&#xa0;V and a significant increase in the oxidation current of 47.2%. Furthermore, the system demonstrated Excellent repeatability in measuring the oxidation of K₃[Fe(CN)₆]. Precision, expressed as the standard deviation (SD), was assessed via inter-day and intra-day measurements, yielded a range from 7.1 to 27.9&#xa0;µM. Furthermore, the system achieved a low detection limit of 18.0&#xa0;µM. This useful three-copper-electrode configuration can be readily applied, with or without further modification, for the analysis of amino acids such as tryptophan and L-aspartic acid, as well as phenol derivatives like hydroquinone.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Demonstrating the viability of using copper wire as a reference electrode in a three-copper-electrode system for cyclic voltammetry in basic media

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月6日

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  • Mohammad Amayreh

摘要

A low-cost, simplified electrochemical system was developed using three identical copper wire electrodes, serving as the working, counter, and reference electrodes. This design offers material uniformity and suitability for disposable sensors. The cyclic voltammogram obtained from the three-identical-copper-electrode configuration closely resembles that of a conventional system using a Ag/AgCl reference electrode. This simplified system is best suited for analyzing species at pH levels above 7 to minimize oxidative corrosion of the copper electrodes. The stability of the copper wire pseudo-reference electrode was evaluated through inter-day and intra-day cyclic voltammetry, consisting of 100 cycles per run at a scan rate of 50 mV/s. These stability assessments were performed using a 2.5 mM K₃[Fe(CN)₆] solution. The optimized three-copper-electrode setup produced well-defined voltammograms, showing a distinct shift in the oxidation peak potential of 0.129 V and a significant increase in the oxidation current of 47.2%. Furthermore, the system demonstrated Excellent repeatability in measuring the oxidation of K₃[Fe(CN)₆]. Precision, expressed as the standard deviation (SD), was assessed via inter-day and intra-day measurements, yielded a range from 7.1 to 27.9 µM. Furthermore, the system achieved a low detection limit of 18.0 µM. This useful three-copper-electrode configuration can be readily applied, with or without further modification, for the analysis of amino acids such as tryptophan and L-aspartic acid, as well as phenol derivatives like hydroquinone.

Graphical abstract