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<p>Depending on the climate, several parameters influence the cooling effect of an urban green space. This study aims to define the proper design of green spaces in a typical urban neighborhood in the hot-dry climate of Shiraz, Iran. It evaluates the effects of green-space layout, vegetation type, and building height on urban microclimate, outdoor thermal comfort, and exterior façade-surface temperature. Twenty-four scenarios were modeled, considering six green space layouts, two plant types, and two building heights. Using ENVI-Met -V5.6.1 software, urban microclimate, outdoor thermal comfort conditions, and façade temperatures were evaluated on a selected representative hot summer day. According to the results, the effect of design layouts with the same vegetation coverage is limited to 0.73°C in air temperature and 1.03°C in UTCI, significantly impacting low-rise neighborhoods. Scenarios with grass and trees are more effective in reducing the air temperature and improving thermal comfort. Air temperatures in high‑rise scenarios reach 37°C, while low‑rise neighborhoods experience 40.5°C peak values. UTCI values reached 46°C and 43°C in low‑rise and high-rise neighborhoods, respectively. Grass‑only scenarios show limited cooling potential and occasionally slight warming effects. Regarding façade temperatures, tree-integrated scenarios consistently yield the highest cooling potential, with reductions on west-facing façades of up to 0.73°C and 0.67°C” for low- and high-rise neighborhoods. Lower reductions of 0.40&#xa0;°C and 0.31&#xa0;°C are observed on the north and south façades with minor increases in grass-only central scenarios. Hence, the distributed and peripheral tree layouts, preferably in an east-west direction, are more effective than centralized green spaces. The results provide further insights into urban park design, focusing on the effects on microclimate and outdoor thermal comfort. The main finding is that an equal amount of vegetation can produce different pedestrian- and façade-level benefits depending on its spatial arrangement and surrounding building height, not that trees cool better than grass. Distributed and peripheral tree layouts, especially east–west configurations, protect pedestrian areas and east- and west-facing façades best in low-rise neighborhoods, while ground-level vegetation decreases with façade elevation in high-rise neighborhoods. These findings guide green-space design in hot-dry urban districts by layout, orientation, and height. Because the urban geometry is idealized, the findings are interpreted as relative differences between scenarios simulated under identical boundary conditions rather than as locally validated absolute predictions for a specific neighborhood in Shiraz.</p>

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Evaluating the effect of green space design on thermal comfort, façade temperature, and microclimate in hot-dry climates

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月23日

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  • Roza Vakilinezhad,
  • Omid Ahmadizadeh,
  • Nafiseh Kahe

摘要

Depending on the climate, several parameters influence the cooling effect of an urban green space. This study aims to define the proper design of green spaces in a typical urban neighborhood in the hot-dry climate of Shiraz, Iran. It evaluates the effects of green-space layout, vegetation type, and building height on urban microclimate, outdoor thermal comfort, and exterior façade-surface temperature. Twenty-four scenarios were modeled, considering six green space layouts, two plant types, and two building heights. Using ENVI-Met -V5.6.1 software, urban microclimate, outdoor thermal comfort conditions, and façade temperatures were evaluated on a selected representative hot summer day. According to the results, the effect of design layouts with the same vegetation coverage is limited to 0.73°C in air temperature and 1.03°C in UTCI, significantly impacting low-rise neighborhoods. Scenarios with grass and trees are more effective in reducing the air temperature and improving thermal comfort. Air temperatures in high‑rise scenarios reach 37°C, while low‑rise neighborhoods experience 40.5°C peak values. UTCI values reached 46°C and 43°C in low‑rise and high-rise neighborhoods, respectively. Grass‑only scenarios show limited cooling potential and occasionally slight warming effects. Regarding façade temperatures, tree-integrated scenarios consistently yield the highest cooling potential, with reductions on west-facing façades of up to 0.73°C and 0.67°C” for low- and high-rise neighborhoods. Lower reductions of 0.40 °C and 0.31 °C are observed on the north and south façades with minor increases in grass-only central scenarios. Hence, the distributed and peripheral tree layouts, preferably in an east-west direction, are more effective than centralized green spaces. The results provide further insights into urban park design, focusing on the effects on microclimate and outdoor thermal comfort. The main finding is that an equal amount of vegetation can produce different pedestrian- and façade-level benefits depending on its spatial arrangement and surrounding building height, not that trees cool better than grass. Distributed and peripheral tree layouts, especially east–west configurations, protect pedestrian areas and east- and west-facing façades best in low-rise neighborhoods, while ground-level vegetation decreases with façade elevation in high-rise neighborhoods. These findings guide green-space design in hot-dry urban districts by layout, orientation, and height. Because the urban geometry is idealized, the findings are interpreted as relative differences between scenarios simulated under identical boundary conditions rather than as locally validated absolute predictions for a specific neighborhood in Shiraz.