<p>Climate adaptation strategies are critical to mitigating the adverse effects of climate change on smallholder farmers in dryland areas. This study identifies farm-level adaptation strategies used by smallholder farmers and examines the determinants influencing their choices among these strategies across three agroecological zones in Ethiopia’s North Wollo Zone. A multistage sampling procedure was applied to select 385 households from nine kebeles, and primary data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and a multivariate probit (MVP) model were employed for data analysis. The descriptive results reveal that small-scale irrigation, crop diversification, improved crop varieties, the use of inorganic fertilizers, and soil and water conservation practices are the most commonly implemented adaptation strategies. The MVP model indicates that agroecological zone, education level, farming experience, livestock holdings, extension contact, farmer-to-farmer extension, farmland size, training participation, climate change perception, and access to climate information significantly and positively influence adaptation choices. In contrast, household head age, credit access, family size, dependency ratio, and distance to the market negatively affect adoption. These findings underscore the importance of strengthening institutional support, improving access to climate information, enhancing extension services, and designing agroecology-specific adaptation interventions. Based on the findings of the study, targeted training, improved infrastructure, facilitate an effective extension service and financial incentives are recommended to enhance the adoption and effectiveness of climate adaptation strategies among smallholder farmers.</p>