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<p>Τhis study explores the climatic characteristics and variability of the annual and seasonal <i>precipitation height</i> (<i>PH</i>) and the number of <i>wet days</i> (<i>WD</i>) over the greater Mediterranean region, as derived for the period 1950–2023, by the 5th ECMWF reanalysis (ERA5) hourly precipitation dataset. The characteristics of the <i>mean daily precipitation intensity</i> (<i>PI</i>) inferred from the combined evolution of <i>PH</i> and <i>WD</i> are also investigated. Three oscillatory modes, at about 65&#xa0;year, 35–50&#xa0;year, and 4–8&#xa0;year, found to be the most important components of <i>PH</i> and <i>WD</i> variability. Combined, these modes modulated periods of high <i>PH</i> and <i>WD</i> during the 1960s and 1970s across the Mediterranean domain, followed by drier conditions until the 2000s, and recovering trends over the subsequent two decades. Averaged over the Mediterranean Sea, the annual <i>PH</i> was found to decrease at a mean rate of −11 <i>mm</i>/<i>decade</i>, and <i>WD</i> at −1.9 <i>days</i>/<i>decade</i>. However, the decreasing signal in annual <i>WD</i> appears more robust and widespread than in <i>PH</i>, as significant negative trends in <i>WD</i> dominate most of the Mediterranean basin, central Black Sea, and northwestern Africa, while significant negative trends in <i>PH</i> are confined to five distinct marine or coastal areas. Because <i>WD</i> has decreased more rapidly than <i>PH</i> over marine areas, significant positive trends prevail in <i>PI</i>, especially over the Mediterranean Sea. On the other hand, significant positive trends in the <i>PH</i> and <i>WD</i> fields prevail only over land areas, particularly along the major mountain ranges in southern Europe, Anatolia, and parts of the Middle East.</p>

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An ERA5-based climatology of precipitation height, wet days, and mean daily intensity over the Mediterranean domain (1950–2023)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月24日

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  • Anastasios Kalimeris,
  • Dimitra Founda,
  • Maria Hatzaki

摘要

Τhis study explores the climatic characteristics and variability of the annual and seasonal precipitation height (PH) and the number of wet days (WD) over the greater Mediterranean region, as derived for the period 1950–2023, by the 5th ECMWF reanalysis (ERA5) hourly precipitation dataset. The characteristics of the mean daily precipitation intensity (PI) inferred from the combined evolution of PH and WD are also investigated. Three oscillatory modes, at about 65 year, 35–50 year, and 4–8 year, found to be the most important components of PH and WD variability. Combined, these modes modulated periods of high PH and WD during the 1960s and 1970s across the Mediterranean domain, followed by drier conditions until the 2000s, and recovering trends over the subsequent two decades. Averaged over the Mediterranean Sea, the annual PH was found to decrease at a mean rate of −11 mm/decade, and WD at −1.9 days/decade. However, the decreasing signal in annual WD appears more robust and widespread than in PH, as significant negative trends in WD dominate most of the Mediterranean basin, central Black Sea, and northwestern Africa, while significant negative trends in PH are confined to five distinct marine or coastal areas. Because WD has decreased more rapidly than PH over marine areas, significant positive trends prevail in PI, especially over the Mediterranean Sea. On the other hand, significant positive trends in the PH and WD fields prevail only over land areas, particularly along the major mountain ranges in southern Europe, Anatolia, and parts of the Middle East.