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<p>The urban heat island, driven by the land cover transformation and urbanization, resulting in thermal discomfort, is a major challenge faced by Indian cities. This study examines diurnal and nocturnal variations in Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity (SUHII) and outdoor thermal comfort across five Indian cities representing diverse urban morphologies, using the Local Climate Zone (LCZ) framework. Landsat and MODIS data were used to calculate the SUHII and Modified Thermal Humidity Index (MTHI) in both diurnal and nocturnal analysis. The analysis reveals pronounced spatio-temporal differences in urban thermal behaviour. During the summer days of 2023, the highest SUHII was observed in LCZ 10, with a mean intensity of 2.38&#xa0;°C, due to concentrated industrial activities. Nocturnal patterns showed persistent warming in LCZ 10, while LCZ G transitioned from cooler to neutral conditions. In winters, the nocturnal mean SUHII of LCZ 1 exceeds its diurnal values. Outdoor thermal comfort analysis revealed high discomfort during summer across all cities, with the highest affected area in Faridabad. The discomfort persists at night in all cities except Faridabad where it has decreased by 7%. During winter nights, the discomfort increased in Noida and in Faridabad. In winter, the comfort levels in LCZ A and LCZ G shifted toward less comfortable categories. LCZ 10 displayed contrasting behavior in winter, with more than 75% of its area remains comfortable across cities. The findings of this research will help to design climate responsive urban planning strategies that account for LCZ-specific thermal responses.</p>

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Surface urban heat island intensity and outdoor thermal comfort in local climate zones: a spatio-temporal evaluation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月26日

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  • Shikhar Saxena,
  • Sonam Agrawal,
  • Debolina Basu

摘要

The urban heat island, driven by the land cover transformation and urbanization, resulting in thermal discomfort, is a major challenge faced by Indian cities. This study examines diurnal and nocturnal variations in Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity (SUHII) and outdoor thermal comfort across five Indian cities representing diverse urban morphologies, using the Local Climate Zone (LCZ) framework. Landsat and MODIS data were used to calculate the SUHII and Modified Thermal Humidity Index (MTHI) in both diurnal and nocturnal analysis. The analysis reveals pronounced spatio-temporal differences in urban thermal behaviour. During the summer days of 2023, the highest SUHII was observed in LCZ 10, with a mean intensity of 2.38 °C, due to concentrated industrial activities. Nocturnal patterns showed persistent warming in LCZ 10, while LCZ G transitioned from cooler to neutral conditions. In winters, the nocturnal mean SUHII of LCZ 1 exceeds its diurnal values. Outdoor thermal comfort analysis revealed high discomfort during summer across all cities, with the highest affected area in Faridabad. The discomfort persists at night in all cities except Faridabad where it has decreased by 7%. During winter nights, the discomfort increased in Noida and in Faridabad. In winter, the comfort levels in LCZ A and LCZ G shifted toward less comfortable categories. LCZ 10 displayed contrasting behavior in winter, with more than 75% of its area remains comfortable across cities. The findings of this research will help to design climate responsive urban planning strategies that account for LCZ-specific thermal responses.