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<p>Achieving efficient irrigation depends on accurately estimating crop water requirements; however, lysimeters—particularly precise, high-tech systems—are expensive, require operation by well-trained staff, and are typically confined to specialized research centers. Moreover, indirect methods, along with the limited availability of reliable reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) and crop coefficient data, constrain this effort in developing countries. This study develops and evaluates a low-tech, simple-to-construct, and easy-to-use lysimeter based on wick irrigation, termed the low-tech self-watering capillary device (LTSWCD). The developed LTSWCD is distinguished as low-tech wick-based self-watering system, with simple design and easy to use that enables continuous, real-time estimation of actual crop evapotranspiration (ETa) under field conditions, while directly guiding irrigation scheduling as tested with barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i>) under arid conditions. Daily ETa measurements and their cumulative weekly values were compared to FAO56 standard estimates of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), used as a benchmark indirect reference method despite its limitations due to its dependence on the precise determination of meteorological parameters. LTSWCD-based irrigation scheduling was then assessed under two treatments: 100% (full irrigation) and 130% (over-irrigation) of the LTSWCD-determined water requirement. The monitoring results show that both daily and weekly measured ETa closely followed FAO56 standard ETc trends, with R² values of 0.76 and 0.91 and RMSE values of 0.88&#xa0;mm day⁻¹ and 3.71&#xa0;mm week⁻¹ for the daily and weekly scales, respectively. The seasonal ETa reached 363&#xa0;mm, and the adjusted crop coefficients (Kc-adj) were consistent with FAO standards. Furthermore, no significant differences (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05) were observed in barley grain and straw yields between the two irrigation levels, indicating that over-irrigation did not improve yield. The findings are promising, demonstrating the effectiveness of the LTSWCD as a reliable, low-tech, and easy to use lysimeter for real-time irrigation management in data-scarce, arid environments. with potential for adoption by farmers for irrigation scheduling within sustainable water management strategies.</p>

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Monitoring of actual barley evapotranspiration using a wick-based lysimeter

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月14日

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  • Salah Zereg,
  • Khaled Belouz,
  • Salim Matallah

摘要

Achieving efficient irrigation depends on accurately estimating crop water requirements; however, lysimeters—particularly precise, high-tech systems—are expensive, require operation by well-trained staff, and are typically confined to specialized research centers. Moreover, indirect methods, along with the limited availability of reliable reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) and crop coefficient data, constrain this effort in developing countries. This study develops and evaluates a low-tech, simple-to-construct, and easy-to-use lysimeter based on wick irrigation, termed the low-tech self-watering capillary device (LTSWCD). The developed LTSWCD is distinguished as low-tech wick-based self-watering system, with simple design and easy to use that enables continuous, real-time estimation of actual crop evapotranspiration (ETa) under field conditions, while directly guiding irrigation scheduling as tested with barley (Hordeum vulgare) under arid conditions. Daily ETa measurements and their cumulative weekly values were compared to FAO56 standard estimates of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), used as a benchmark indirect reference method despite its limitations due to its dependence on the precise determination of meteorological parameters. LTSWCD-based irrigation scheduling was then assessed under two treatments: 100% (full irrigation) and 130% (over-irrigation) of the LTSWCD-determined water requirement. The monitoring results show that both daily and weekly measured ETa closely followed FAO56 standard ETc trends, with R² values of 0.76 and 0.91 and RMSE values of 0.88 mm day⁻¹ and 3.71 mm week⁻¹ for the daily and weekly scales, respectively. The seasonal ETa reached 363 mm, and the adjusted crop coefficients (Kc-adj) were consistent with FAO standards. Furthermore, no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in barley grain and straw yields between the two irrigation levels, indicating that over-irrigation did not improve yield. The findings are promising, demonstrating the effectiveness of the LTSWCD as a reliable, low-tech, and easy to use lysimeter for real-time irrigation management in data-scarce, arid environments. with potential for adoption by farmers for irrigation scheduling within sustainable water management strategies.