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<p>Jeddah Port, a critical maritime hub on the Red Sea, operates in a hot, arid environment increasingly affected by meteorological and marine extremes. This study quantifies the occurrence, intensity, and operational impacts of hazards over 2000–2024 using hourly data from the <b>ERA5</b> and <b>ERA5-Land</b> Analysis focused on air temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, wind speed, wind gusts, apparent temperature, and wave height applying percentile thresholds, Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) heat indices, Peak Over Threshold (POT) event clustering, compound hazard detection, and operational impact mapping in line with International Maritime Organization (IMO) guidelines. Results show that apparent temperature ≥ 40&#xa0;°C, wind gusts ≥ 25 kt, and wave height &gt; 2 mare the most frequent and persistent hazards, contributing to the majority of hazard-hours annually, while intense rainfall events, though rare, cause severe operational disruption through flooding and access limitations. Statistical dependence analysis identified key compound hazards (wind gust &amp; wave height, wind gust &amp; rain, wind gust &amp; temperature) as the most operationally relevant multi-hazard risk scenarios at Jeddah Port. Wind gusts, high apparent temperatures, and significant wave heights are identified as high-risk hazards for Jeddah Port, driven by both frequent occurrence and severe operational impacts. Sustained wind and moderate rainfall present medium risk, while rare extremes such as intense rainfall and extreme temperatures are classified as low to medium risk. This framework enables focused adaptation for the port’s most critical hazards. The methodology is transferable to other ports, offering a scalable approach to integrating climate risk into operational resilience planning.</p>

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Extreme weather events in Jeddah (2000–2024) and their implications for maritime Port operations under global climate risk frameworks

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月4日

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  • Mohammad E. Gommosani,
  • Shadi Alghaffari,
  • Saleh Ghonaim,
  • Rokaya Hassan,
  • Kareem Tonbol

摘要

Jeddah Port, a critical maritime hub on the Red Sea, operates in a hot, arid environment increasingly affected by meteorological and marine extremes. This study quantifies the occurrence, intensity, and operational impacts of hazards over 2000–2024 using hourly data from the ERA5 and ERA5-Land Analysis focused on air temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, wind speed, wind gusts, apparent temperature, and wave height applying percentile thresholds, Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) heat indices, Peak Over Threshold (POT) event clustering, compound hazard detection, and operational impact mapping in line with International Maritime Organization (IMO) guidelines. Results show that apparent temperature ≥ 40 °C, wind gusts ≥ 25 kt, and wave height > 2 mare the most frequent and persistent hazards, contributing to the majority of hazard-hours annually, while intense rainfall events, though rare, cause severe operational disruption through flooding and access limitations. Statistical dependence analysis identified key compound hazards (wind gust & wave height, wind gust & rain, wind gust & temperature) as the most operationally relevant multi-hazard risk scenarios at Jeddah Port. Wind gusts, high apparent temperatures, and significant wave heights are identified as high-risk hazards for Jeddah Port, driven by both frequent occurrence and severe operational impacts. Sustained wind and moderate rainfall present medium risk, while rare extremes such as intense rainfall and extreme temperatures are classified as low to medium risk. This framework enables focused adaptation for the port’s most critical hazards. The methodology is transferable to other ports, offering a scalable approach to integrating climate risk into operational resilience planning.