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<p>Estimating actual evapotranspiration (<i>ET</i>) is particularly crucial for addressing how vegetation affects the water balance of ecosystems. <i>ET</i> estimation can be complex with empirical models due to their many parameters and reliance on aridity. In contrast, artificial neural networks (ANNs) could potentially estimate <i>ET</i> with fewer and more common meteorological parameters. In this study, we trained two ANNs, one using a feed-forward approach (FFN) and the other a nonlinear auto-regressive network (NARX), to predict <i>ET</i> and compared them to the commonly used empirical model Granger and Gray (GG). We trained our models on a nine-year eddy covariance (EC) dataset for <i>Miscanthus × giganteus (M. × giganteus)</i> from Illinois (UIEF), then tested them using out-of-sample data from both UIEF and a different location in Iowa (SABR) to compare the accuracy of FFN, NARX, and GG models in estimating daily <i>ET</i>. A combination of air temperature (<i>T</i><sub><i>a</i></sub>) and solar radiation (<i>R</i><sub><i>s</i></sub>) was chosen as inputs due to the highest R<sup>2</sup> for FFN (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.79, 0.81, and 0.79 for training, testing, and validation, respectively) and only <i>T</i><sub><i>a</i></sub> for NARX (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.70 for out-of-sample validation). The predictive power of the FFN model was superior to the NARX and GG models at the UIEF site (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.84, 0.70, and 0.83 for out-of-sample validation, respectively). Our analysis showed that ANN approaches are as accurate as empirical approaches for estimating <i>ET</i> but use fewer inputs.</p>

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Artificial neural networks estimate evapotranspiration for Miscanthus × giganteus as effectively as empirical model but with fewer inputs

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月13日

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  • Guler Rojda Aslan-Sungur,
  • Caitlin E. Moore,
  • Carl J. Bernacchi,
  • Emily Heaton,
  • Andy VanLoocke

摘要

Estimating actual evapotranspiration (ET) is particularly crucial for addressing how vegetation affects the water balance of ecosystems. ET estimation can be complex with empirical models due to their many parameters and reliance on aridity. In contrast, artificial neural networks (ANNs) could potentially estimate ET with fewer and more common meteorological parameters. In this study, we trained two ANNs, one using a feed-forward approach (FFN) and the other a nonlinear auto-regressive network (NARX), to predict ET and compared them to the commonly used empirical model Granger and Gray (GG). We trained our models on a nine-year eddy covariance (EC) dataset for Miscanthus × giganteus (M. × giganteus) from Illinois (UIEF), then tested them using out-of-sample data from both UIEF and a different location in Iowa (SABR) to compare the accuracy of FFN, NARX, and GG models in estimating daily ET. A combination of air temperature (Ta) and solar radiation (Rs) was chosen as inputs due to the highest R2 for FFN (R2 = 0.79, 0.81, and 0.79 for training, testing, and validation, respectively) and only Ta for NARX (R2 = 0.70 for out-of-sample validation). The predictive power of the FFN model was superior to the NARX and GG models at the UIEF site (R2 = 0.84, 0.70, and 0.83 for out-of-sample validation, respectively). Our analysis showed that ANN approaches are as accurate as empirical approaches for estimating ET but use fewer inputs.