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<p>Humid heatwaves (HHW) pose escalating threats to public health and socio-economy stability in China. Despite this, the differences among various metrics used to quantify HHW remain understudied. This study employed three metrics to identify HHW—wet-bulb temperature (Tw), simplified wet-bulb globe temperature (sWBGT) and heat index (HI)—to analyze spatiotemporal trends in HHW characteristics (exposure, intensity, duration, and onset-offset) across China from 1961 to 2022. Key findings include: (1) since the 1990s, over 90% of regions exhibited significant increase (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.01) in HHW exposure (proportion and number) and duration (cumulative duration and longest continuous), with northwestern China (Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, Qinghai Province and Gansu Province) emerging as hotspots for intensity increases (exceeding 1.5&#xa0;°C); (2) southeastern coastal regions showed metric‒dependent discrepancies (e.g., Zhejiang Province): relative to 1961‒1991, Tw indicated the highest exposure increases (24.29% in HHW proportion and 0.63% in number), followed by HI (4.38% and 0.17 events) and sWBGT (-3.94% and − 0.07 events) during 1992‒2022. Meanwhile Tw-based HHW intensity increased in southeastern coastal regions, whereas sWBGT and HI indicated declines; (3) relative to 1961‒1991, the offset delay rate (0.51&#xa0;day/year) exceeded the onset delay (0.30&#xa0;day/year) during 1992‒2022, this means extending HHW windows and amplifying cumulative risks. These results emphasize the necessity for multi-metric synergy in risk assessment and region-specific adaptation strategies to address humid heatwave challenges under climate change.</p>

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Multi-metric insights on humid heatwaves in China: regional shifts and implications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月13日

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  • Sinuo Lin,
  • Jiewen You,
  • Fangxu Yin,
  • Lu Gao

摘要

Humid heatwaves (HHW) pose escalating threats to public health and socio-economy stability in China. Despite this, the differences among various metrics used to quantify HHW remain understudied. This study employed three metrics to identify HHW—wet-bulb temperature (Tw), simplified wet-bulb globe temperature (sWBGT) and heat index (HI)—to analyze spatiotemporal trends in HHW characteristics (exposure, intensity, duration, and onset-offset) across China from 1961 to 2022. Key findings include: (1) since the 1990s, over 90% of regions exhibited significant increase (P < 0.01) in HHW exposure (proportion and number) and duration (cumulative duration and longest continuous), with northwestern China (Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, Qinghai Province and Gansu Province) emerging as hotspots for intensity increases (exceeding 1.5 °C); (2) southeastern coastal regions showed metric‒dependent discrepancies (e.g., Zhejiang Province): relative to 1961‒1991, Tw indicated the highest exposure increases (24.29% in HHW proportion and 0.63% in number), followed by HI (4.38% and 0.17 events) and sWBGT (-3.94% and − 0.07 events) during 1992‒2022. Meanwhile Tw-based HHW intensity increased in southeastern coastal regions, whereas sWBGT and HI indicated declines; (3) relative to 1961‒1991, the offset delay rate (0.51 day/year) exceeded the onset delay (0.30 day/year) during 1992‒2022, this means extending HHW windows and amplifying cumulative risks. These results emphasize the necessity for multi-metric synergy in risk assessment and region-specific adaptation strategies to address humid heatwave challenges under climate change.