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<p>The Mediterranean basin, a recognized climate change hotspot, has experienced significant warming and intensification of recurrent heat conditions from 1950 to 2024. This study applies the h-index, a climate metric previously introduced in the literature, to comprehensively evaluate the magnitude and frequency of heat conditions specifically for the Mediterranean region. Using high-resolution ERA5-Land reanalysis data, six h-index variants (h-XT, h-NT, h-XAT, h-NAT, and newly introduced Humidex-based h-DHum, h-NHum) were calculated. Long-term averages reveal a pronounced spatial gradient, with the highest h-index values (e.g., h-XT up to 41.1, signifying at least 41.1 days with maximum temperatures ≥ 41.1&#xa0;°C) in the southeastern Mediterranean (interior Middle East and North African deserts), reflecting frequent and intense hot conditions, while northern coastal areas show lower values. The Mann-Kendall trend analysis indicates significant increases in all h-index variants, with the strongest trends (0.3–0.4 index/decade) in the western Mediterranean (Iberian Peninsula and northwestern Africa) for h-XT, h-NT, h-XAT, and h-NAT, and in the eastern Mediterranean (Türkiye and the Levant) for humidity-driven indices (h-DHum, h-NHum). Overall, the h-index effectively characterizes persistent heat stress rather than extreme temperature events (above 90th percentile). This study underscores the need for tailored adaptation strategies to mitigate the impacts of rising heat stress on human health, agriculture, and infrastructure in the Mediterranean.</p>

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Assessing the h-index for mediterranean climate analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月25日

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  • Doğukan Doğu Yavaşlı

摘要

The Mediterranean basin, a recognized climate change hotspot, has experienced significant warming and intensification of recurrent heat conditions from 1950 to 2024. This study applies the h-index, a climate metric previously introduced in the literature, to comprehensively evaluate the magnitude and frequency of heat conditions specifically for the Mediterranean region. Using high-resolution ERA5-Land reanalysis data, six h-index variants (h-XT, h-NT, h-XAT, h-NAT, and newly introduced Humidex-based h-DHum, h-NHum) were calculated. Long-term averages reveal a pronounced spatial gradient, with the highest h-index values (e.g., h-XT up to 41.1, signifying at least 41.1 days with maximum temperatures ≥ 41.1 °C) in the southeastern Mediterranean (interior Middle East and North African deserts), reflecting frequent and intense hot conditions, while northern coastal areas show lower values. The Mann-Kendall trend analysis indicates significant increases in all h-index variants, with the strongest trends (0.3–0.4 index/decade) in the western Mediterranean (Iberian Peninsula and northwestern Africa) for h-XT, h-NT, h-XAT, and h-NAT, and in the eastern Mediterranean (Türkiye and the Levant) for humidity-driven indices (h-DHum, h-NHum). Overall, the h-index effectively characterizes persistent heat stress rather than extreme temperature events (above 90th percentile). This study underscores the need for tailored adaptation strategies to mitigate the impacts of rising heat stress on human health, agriculture, and infrastructure in the Mediterranean.