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<p>Western Disturbances (WDs) are major drivers of winter precipitation over northern India and occasionally extend southward, influencing weather over Central India. This study examines two extreme WD events during 7–9 January 2022 and 27–29 December 2024 that produced widespread heavy rainfall over northern India, with notable southward penetration of frontal systems and convective activity. High-resolution observations from the ART C-band dual-polarization Doppler radar at Silkheda are combined with ERA5 reanalysis, IMD gridded rainfall, INSAT-3DR satellite data, and HYSPLIT back trajectories to investigate the synoptic and mesoscale characteristics of these events. Both cases exhibited well-defined frontal signatures, strong baroclinic organization, and deep convection extending south of the climatological WD track. Moisture transport pathways differed between the events, with the January 2022 case primarily drawing moisture from the Arabian Sea, while the December 2024 event was dominated by Bay of Bengal inflow. Radar observations over Central India revealed narrow frontal convective bands, embedded deep convective cells within extensive stratiform precipitation, echo tops exceeding 12&#xa0;km, and polarimetric signatures indicative of large raindrops and mixed-phase processes. ECCO classification showed stratiform precipitation covering about 70% of the radar domain, while deep and mid-level convection accounted for most intense reflectivity. These results highlight the interaction of large-scale WD dynamics, moisture transport, and mesoscale convection in producing extreme winter rainfall over northern India, while demonstrating the value of Central India radar observations for resolving the southward evolution of WD-associated precipitation systems.</p>

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Multi-platform observational monitoring of western disturbance -induced extreme precipitation over central india

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月25日

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  • Siddhant Arya,
  • Amita Prabhu,
  • Sachin Deshpande,
  • G. Pandithurai

摘要

Western Disturbances (WDs) are major drivers of winter precipitation over northern India and occasionally extend southward, influencing weather over Central India. This study examines two extreme WD events during 7–9 January 2022 and 27–29 December 2024 that produced widespread heavy rainfall over northern India, with notable southward penetration of frontal systems and convective activity. High-resolution observations from the ART C-band dual-polarization Doppler radar at Silkheda are combined with ERA5 reanalysis, IMD gridded rainfall, INSAT-3DR satellite data, and HYSPLIT back trajectories to investigate the synoptic and mesoscale characteristics of these events. Both cases exhibited well-defined frontal signatures, strong baroclinic organization, and deep convection extending south of the climatological WD track. Moisture transport pathways differed between the events, with the January 2022 case primarily drawing moisture from the Arabian Sea, while the December 2024 event was dominated by Bay of Bengal inflow. Radar observations over Central India revealed narrow frontal convective bands, embedded deep convective cells within extensive stratiform precipitation, echo tops exceeding 12 km, and polarimetric signatures indicative of large raindrops and mixed-phase processes. ECCO classification showed stratiform precipitation covering about 70% of the radar domain, while deep and mid-level convection accounted for most intense reflectivity. These results highlight the interaction of large-scale WD dynamics, moisture transport, and mesoscale convection in producing extreme winter rainfall over northern India, while demonstrating the value of Central India radar observations for resolving the southward evolution of WD-associated precipitation systems.