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Objective <p>To develop a flexible and open-source stereotactic surgical planning toolkit, validated through clinical data to assess its performance in frame registration and stereotactic neurosurgical planning.</p> Methods <p>BrainStereo was developed based on the Leksell stereotactic frame principles and the 3D Slicer platform. It features an interactive interface for frame registration based on the custom-designed Layerwise Max Intensity Tracking (LMIT) algorithm, automated target/entry point calculation, and real-time 3D visualization. A retrospective analysis of stereotactic CT data from two hospitals was conducted, comparing BrainStereo with standard planning software to evaluate accuracy and efficiency.</p> Results <p>BrainStereo was developed as a comprehensive toolkit integrating frame registration, target and entry point computation, and dynamic 3D visualization. A total of 86 CT datasets from two hospitals were included. The root mean square error (RMSE) for frame registration was 0.56 ± 0.23&#xa0;mm. Computation time for BrainStereo was 5.54 ± 1.16&#xa0;min, significantly longer than the standard toolkit (4.75 ± 0.83&#xa0;min, 95% CI: 4.57–4.92 min, p = 0.001), but showed a steeper learning curve. The mean Euclidean distance between target points from both toolkits was 0.82 ± 0.21&#xa0;mm (95% CI: 0.74–0.90 mm), with no significant differences along the X, Y, and Z axes. Entry point deviations were 0.47° ± 0.37° (p = 0.07 for arc and p = 0.06 for ring). Bland–Altman analysis confirmed strong agreement, supporting BrainStereo’s reliability for stereotactic neurosurgical planning.</p> Conclusions <p>BrainStereo is an open-source stereotactic planning tool that provides neurosurgeons and researchers with a flexible alternative to proprietary software. Integrated within 3D Slicer, it allows for adjustable parameters and modular functionality, addressing some of the limitations commonly associated with commercial solutions, such as hardware restrictions and limited adaptability. By offering open-source access, BrainStereo fosters transparency, collaboration, and broader accessibility, potentially advancing the field of stereotactic neurosurgery.</p>

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BrainStereo: clinical application and efficiency evaluation of an open-source stereotactic planning tool

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月28日

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  • Zhongjie Shi,
  • Dongfeng Li,
  • Sifang Chen,
  • Xin Gao,
  • Hongjia Li,
  • Xiyao Liu,
  • Zhangyu Li,
  • Zhanxiang Wang

摘要

Objective

To develop a flexible and open-source stereotactic surgical planning toolkit, validated through clinical data to assess its performance in frame registration and stereotactic neurosurgical planning.

Methods

BrainStereo was developed based on the Leksell stereotactic frame principles and the 3D Slicer platform. It features an interactive interface for frame registration based on the custom-designed Layerwise Max Intensity Tracking (LMIT) algorithm, automated target/entry point calculation, and real-time 3D visualization. A retrospective analysis of stereotactic CT data from two hospitals was conducted, comparing BrainStereo with standard planning software to evaluate accuracy and efficiency.

Results

BrainStereo was developed as a comprehensive toolkit integrating frame registration, target and entry point computation, and dynamic 3D visualization. A total of 86 CT datasets from two hospitals were included. The root mean square error (RMSE) for frame registration was 0.56 ± 0.23 mm. Computation time for BrainStereo was 5.54 ± 1.16 min, significantly longer than the standard toolkit (4.75 ± 0.83 min, 95% CI: 4.57–4.92 min, p = 0.001), but showed a steeper learning curve. The mean Euclidean distance between target points from both toolkits was 0.82 ± 0.21 mm (95% CI: 0.74–0.90 mm), with no significant differences along the X, Y, and Z axes. Entry point deviations were 0.47° ± 0.37° (p = 0.07 for arc and p = 0.06 for ring). Bland–Altman analysis confirmed strong agreement, supporting BrainStereo’s reliability for stereotactic neurosurgical planning.

Conclusions

BrainStereo is an open-source stereotactic planning tool that provides neurosurgeons and researchers with a flexible alternative to proprietary software. Integrated within 3D Slicer, it allows for adjustable parameters and modular functionality, addressing some of the limitations commonly associated with commercial solutions, such as hardware restrictions and limited adaptability. By offering open-source access, BrainStereo fosters transparency, collaboration, and broader accessibility, potentially advancing the field of stereotactic neurosurgery.