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<p>Liverworts, encompassing approximately 5,000 extant species across 75&#xa0;families and 15 orders, stand as one of the most diversified lineages among land plants. Despite their diversity, a thoroughly resolved phylogeny of liverworts, with comprehensive familial-level sampling, remains elusive. We compiled an extensive dataset of plastid protein-coding genes (PCGs), incorporating 275 liverwort accessions that represent 221&#xa0;species, 68&#xa0;families and 15 orders of liverworts. We conducted analyses using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods based on the plastid Protein-Coding Genes (PCGs) for all included samples. Our phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated plastid PCGs from 275 liverwort accessions identified three major clades, corresponding to three classes of liverworts, i.e., Haplomitriopsida, Marchantiopsida, and Jungermanniopsida, and confirmed the monophyly of 14 out of the 15 orders, with the exception of Ptilidiales. Most families with multiple samples were found to be monophyletic, receiving maximal support, except for Exormothecaceae. Additionally, <i>Oxymitra</i>, representing Oxymitraceae, was nested within Ricciaceae. Notably, our results suggest the New Zealand endemic monotypic family, Herzogianthaceae, is sister to Jungermanniales with maximal support, aligning with morphological analyses of <i>Herzogianthus</i>. Our findings advocate for the reclassification of Herzogianthaceae, proposing its separation from the order Ptilidiales and elevation to a distinct order. Additionally, our data suggest that <i>Aitchisoniella</i> and <i>Oxymitra</i> could be incorporated into Ricciaceae and Cleveaceae, respectively. These insights underscore that while the family-level phylogenetic relationships of the liverworts are nearly comprehensively understood, future extensive sampling is necessary to refine the phylogeny at genus level and to address taxonomic challenges within problematic lineages.</p>

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A plastid liverwort phylogeny sheds light on family-level relationships

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月18日

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  • Wei Sheng,
  • Yang Liu,
  • Shan-shan Dong

摘要

Liverworts, encompassing approximately 5,000 extant species across 75 families and 15 orders, stand as one of the most diversified lineages among land plants. Despite their diversity, a thoroughly resolved phylogeny of liverworts, with comprehensive familial-level sampling, remains elusive. We compiled an extensive dataset of plastid protein-coding genes (PCGs), incorporating 275 liverwort accessions that represent 221 species, 68 families and 15 orders of liverworts. We conducted analyses using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods based on the plastid Protein-Coding Genes (PCGs) for all included samples. Our phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated plastid PCGs from 275 liverwort accessions identified three major clades, corresponding to three classes of liverworts, i.e., Haplomitriopsida, Marchantiopsida, and Jungermanniopsida, and confirmed the monophyly of 14 out of the 15 orders, with the exception of Ptilidiales. Most families with multiple samples were found to be monophyletic, receiving maximal support, except for Exormothecaceae. Additionally, Oxymitra, representing Oxymitraceae, was nested within Ricciaceae. Notably, our results suggest the New Zealand endemic monotypic family, Herzogianthaceae, is sister to Jungermanniales with maximal support, aligning with morphological analyses of Herzogianthus. Our findings advocate for the reclassification of Herzogianthaceae, proposing its separation from the order Ptilidiales and elevation to a distinct order. Additionally, our data suggest that Aitchisoniella and Oxymitra could be incorporated into Ricciaceae and Cleveaceae, respectively. These insights underscore that while the family-level phylogenetic relationships of the liverworts are nearly comprehensively understood, future extensive sampling is necessary to refine the phylogeny at genus level and to address taxonomic challenges within problematic lineages.