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<p>Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a versatile fuel but is incredibly combustible. Thus, its leakage detection/sensing is of prime importance for the safety of living beings and the environment. This paper reports the synthesis of manganese (III) oxide (Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)/ cadmium sulphide (CdS) composite nanomaterial using p-type Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and n-type CdS nanomaterials via the hydrothermal method. Characterization of prepared materials was done by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, high resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Mott-Schottky (M-S), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. PXRD analysis confirmed a cubic crystal structure with a crystallite size of 24.18&#xa0;nm. The surface morphology and elemental composition were revealed by FESEM and EDX, respectively. HR-TEM and M-S analysis confirm the formation of a heterojunction in the nanocomposite phase. XPS spectroscopy revealed the chemical composition of the surface element of Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/CdS nanomaterial. UV-Vis spectroscopy determined that the nanocomposite’s optical band gap is 2.02&#xa0;eV, which lies between 1.9&#xa0;eV (Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) and 2.25&#xa0;eV (CdS). FTIR analysis confirmed that the constituents Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and CdS are successfully integrated in the composite Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/CdS nanomaterial, which has a hygroscopic character. The optimized Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/CdS was explored for the first time in the designing of a thin-film LPG sensor. The evaluated sensing parameters revealed that the designed sensor using Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/CdS exhibited the highest sensor response (1.6) and the lowest response time (7.79&#xa0;s) and recovery time (10.84&#xa0;s) as compared to constituent nanomaterials (Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and CdS) at 5000 ppm. The developed sensor exhibits strong selectivity toward LPG, promising repeatability, and long-term stability. The effect of humidity on the designed sensor was also studied. The designed sensor outperforms in terms of material, recovery, and response times.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Synthesis and characterization of Mn2O3/CdS heterojunction nanocomposite for liquefied petroleum gas detection

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月28日

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  • Kuwar Ankur Singh,
  • Bala Bhardwaj,
  • Keval Bharati,
  • Rahul Pratap Singh,
  • Prabhat Ranjan Tiwari,
  • Monu Gupta,
  • Bal Chandra Yadav,
  • Santosh Kumar

摘要

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a versatile fuel but is incredibly combustible. Thus, its leakage detection/sensing is of prime importance for the safety of living beings and the environment. This paper reports the synthesis of manganese (III) oxide (Mn2O3)/ cadmium sulphide (CdS) composite nanomaterial using p-type Mn2O3 and n-type CdS nanomaterials via the hydrothermal method. Characterization of prepared materials was done by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, high resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Mott-Schottky (M-S), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. PXRD analysis confirmed a cubic crystal structure with a crystallite size of 24.18 nm. The surface morphology and elemental composition were revealed by FESEM and EDX, respectively. HR-TEM and M-S analysis confirm the formation of a heterojunction in the nanocomposite phase. XPS spectroscopy revealed the chemical composition of the surface element of Mn2O3/CdS nanomaterial. UV-Vis spectroscopy determined that the nanocomposite’s optical band gap is 2.02 eV, which lies between 1.9 eV (Mn2O3) and 2.25 eV (CdS). FTIR analysis confirmed that the constituents Mn2O3 and CdS are successfully integrated in the composite Mn2O3/CdS nanomaterial, which has a hygroscopic character. The optimized Mn2O3/CdS was explored for the first time in the designing of a thin-film LPG sensor. The evaluated sensing parameters revealed that the designed sensor using Mn2O3/CdS exhibited the highest sensor response (1.6) and the lowest response time (7.79 s) and recovery time (10.84 s) as compared to constituent nanomaterials (Mn2O3 and CdS) at 5000 ppm. The developed sensor exhibits strong selectivity toward LPG, promising repeatability, and long-term stability. The effect of humidity on the designed sensor was also studied. The designed sensor outperforms in terms of material, recovery, and response times.

Graphical abstract