<p>Bimetallic Fe/Mo-doped carbon dots (Fe/Mo-CDs) have been developed as a high-performance nanozyme to construct a self-validating dual-mode (colorimetric/fluorometric) platform for hydroquinone (HQ) detection. The Fe/Mo-CDs exhibited strong peroxidase-like activity, catalyzing H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-mediated TMB oxidation to generate oxTMB, which simultaneously yields a colorimetric signal and quenches the fluorescence of Fe/Mo-CDs through a confirmed FRET process. The introduction of HQ competitively scavenges the essential reactive oxygen species, inhibiting oxTMB formation and triggering synchronous signal inversion in both channels. This endogenous self-validating function enables favorable analytical performance, with wide linear ranges and ultralow detection limits (0.03 µM for colorimetric; 0.016 µM for fluorometric). Successful application in commercial creams with satisfactory recoveries underscores its strong potential for accurate and reliable screening in complex samples. This work not only presents a sensitive sensor for HQ but also offers a novel design strategy for developing intelligent, self-validating biosensing systems.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Fe/Mo-doped carbon dots as a bifunctional nanozyme for self-validating colorimetric and fluorometric sensing of hydroquinone

  • Xiaoming Li,
  • Qiu Mao,
  • Lin He,
  • Zhengwei Zhang,
  • Dongmei Liu,
  • Lu Liu,
  • Pan Ju,
  • Shijia Ding,
  • Siqiao Li,
  • Rong Luo

摘要

Bimetallic Fe/Mo-doped carbon dots (Fe/Mo-CDs) have been developed as a high-performance nanozyme to construct a self-validating dual-mode (colorimetric/fluorometric) platform for hydroquinone (HQ) detection. The Fe/Mo-CDs exhibited strong peroxidase-like activity, catalyzing H2O2-mediated TMB oxidation to generate oxTMB, which simultaneously yields a colorimetric signal and quenches the fluorescence of Fe/Mo-CDs through a confirmed FRET process. The introduction of HQ competitively scavenges the essential reactive oxygen species, inhibiting oxTMB formation and triggering synchronous signal inversion in both channels. This endogenous self-validating function enables favorable analytical performance, with wide linear ranges and ultralow detection limits (0.03 µM for colorimetric; 0.016 µM for fluorometric). Successful application in commercial creams with satisfactory recoveries underscores its strong potential for accurate and reliable screening in complex samples. This work not only presents a sensitive sensor for HQ but also offers a novel design strategy for developing intelligent, self-validating biosensing systems.

Graphical abstract