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<p>Highly toxic dihydroxybenzene (DHB)&#xa0;isomers pose significant environmental and human health risks, necessitating development of simple, rapid and on-site detection methods to discriminate the DHB isomers. In this work, a novel multivariable sensing platform based on iodine (I) and nitrogen (N) co-doped carbonized polymer dots (DP CPDs) nanozyme was constructed for multimodal on-site and visual determination of dihydroxybenzene isomers. The DP CPDs with excellent peroxidase (POD)-like activity and fluorescence properties were firstly synthesized using diatrizoic acid and polyethyleneimine as precursors. Notably, the DP CPDs nanozyme demonstrates high efficacy in catalyzing H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, enabling the production of various reactive oxygen species, which can specifically oxidize catechol (CC) into red-brown benzoquinone products. Inspired by this, we developed a portable dual-mode colorimetric sensor combining solution-phase detection with smartphone-assisted paper-based analysis for realtime on-site CC monitoring in environmental water. Meanwhile, hydroquinone (HQ) mediates reductive decolorization of blue oxTMB and induces fluorescence quenching in DP CPDs through the synergistic inner filter effect (IFE) and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanisms. This dual-response mechanism enables establishment of a self-validating colorimetric-fluorescent dual-mode assay for HQ detection. By incorporating a multivariable sensing strategy (including multiple independent color and fluorescence parameters) and multimodal signal output, this multivariable sensing system demonstrates rapid and selective detection of HQ and CC, achieving high sensitivity and satisfactory recoveries in real water samples.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Engineering iodine and nitrogen co-doped carbonized polymer dot nanozyme as multivariable sensing probes for multimodal determination of dihydroxybenzene isomers

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月13日

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  • Chaohui Zhou,
  • Wanting Zhang,
  • Chao Li,
  • Nengqin Jia

摘要

Highly toxic dihydroxybenzene (DHB) isomers pose significant environmental and human health risks, necessitating development of simple, rapid and on-site detection methods to discriminate the DHB isomers. In this work, a novel multivariable sensing platform based on iodine (I) and nitrogen (N) co-doped carbonized polymer dots (DP CPDs) nanozyme was constructed for multimodal on-site and visual determination of dihydroxybenzene isomers. The DP CPDs with excellent peroxidase (POD)-like activity and fluorescence properties were firstly synthesized using diatrizoic acid and polyethyleneimine as precursors. Notably, the DP CPDs nanozyme demonstrates high efficacy in catalyzing H2O2, enabling the production of various reactive oxygen species, which can specifically oxidize catechol (CC) into red-brown benzoquinone products. Inspired by this, we developed a portable dual-mode colorimetric sensor combining solution-phase detection with smartphone-assisted paper-based analysis for realtime on-site CC monitoring in environmental water. Meanwhile, hydroquinone (HQ) mediates reductive decolorization of blue oxTMB and induces fluorescence quenching in DP CPDs through the synergistic inner filter effect (IFE) and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanisms. This dual-response mechanism enables establishment of a self-validating colorimetric-fluorescent dual-mode assay for HQ detection. By incorporating a multivariable sensing strategy (including multiple independent color and fluorescence parameters) and multimodal signal output, this multivariable sensing system demonstrates rapid and selective detection of HQ and CC, achieving high sensitivity and satisfactory recoveries in real water samples.

Graphical Abstract