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<p>The development and application of a lab-made screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified with electrodeposited gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) for the electrochemical determination of uric acid (UA)&#xa0;is reported. The SPE/AuNPs/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>@CTAB platform was optimized to enhance its electroactive surface area, conductivity, and charge-transfer kinetics, as confirmed through scanning electronic microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, contact angle analysis, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Differential pulse voltammetry measurements demonstrated a linear response for UA concentrations between 50 and 600 µmol L⁻¹, with a limit of detection of 1.95 µmol L⁻¹, fully covering clinically relevant ranges. The sensor exhibited high selectivity against common interferents, as well as excellent stability and optimal performance at physiological pH of 7.0, consistent with UA dissociation equilibria. The application of the SPE/AuNPs/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>@CTAB sensor for UA detection in human whole blood, serum, and plasma samples showed promising results comparable to those obtained from standard enzymatic colorimetric assays, confirming the analytical reliability of the device. The computational analysis by DFT calculations demonstrated that the <i>E</i><sub><i>ads</i></sub> of UA to the complete modified sensor decreased at − 0.23&#xa0;eV when compared to the SPE/AuNPs/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>. This reduction provides strong theoretical evidence supporting the influence of the CTAB modifier on the UA detection mechanism. Overall, the proposed modified SPE platform provides a simple, cost-effective, and portable alternative tool for UA monitoring in clinical samples.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Development of a portable label-free electrochemical sensor modified with AuNPs/g-C3N4@CTAB for uric acid detection in complex blood samples

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月24日

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  • Fernando C. Gallina,
  • Igor. G. S. Oliveira,
  • Muriel A. Rodrigues,
  • Luís F. Basso,
  • Oswaldo C. Junior,
  • Beatriz T. Marin,
  • Robson S. Souto,
  • Leandro M. C. Pinto,
  • Herintha C. Neitzke-Abreu,
  • Thalles P. Lisboa,
  • Marcos R. V. Lanza,
  • Willyam R. P. Barros

摘要

The development and application of a lab-made screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified with electrodeposited gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) for the electrochemical determination of uric acid (UA) is reported. The SPE/AuNPs/g-C3N4@CTAB platform was optimized to enhance its electroactive surface area, conductivity, and charge-transfer kinetics, as confirmed through scanning electronic microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, contact angle analysis, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Differential pulse voltammetry measurements demonstrated a linear response for UA concentrations between 50 and 600 µmol L⁻¹, with a limit of detection of 1.95 µmol L⁻¹, fully covering clinically relevant ranges. The sensor exhibited high selectivity against common interferents, as well as excellent stability and optimal performance at physiological pH of 7.0, consistent with UA dissociation equilibria. The application of the SPE/AuNPs/g-C3N4@CTAB sensor for UA detection in human whole blood, serum, and plasma samples showed promising results comparable to those obtained from standard enzymatic colorimetric assays, confirming the analytical reliability of the device. The computational analysis by DFT calculations demonstrated that the Eads of UA to the complete modified sensor decreased at − 0.23 eV when compared to the SPE/AuNPs/g-C3N4. This reduction provides strong theoretical evidence supporting the influence of the CTAB modifier on the UA detection mechanism. Overall, the proposed modified SPE platform provides a simple, cost-effective, and portable alternative tool for UA monitoring in clinical samples.

Graphical abstract