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<p>Sulfur, nitrogen, and chlorine co-doped carbon dots (S/N/Cl-CDs) were developed as novel probe for chemiluminescence (CL)-based detection of sulfide ions (S<sup>2−</sup>) and puerarin (PUE). The S/N/Cl-CDs were synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal process using citric acid and L-cysteine hydrochloride as precursors, resulting in uniform particles (&lt; 5&#xa0;nm) with high solubility and excitation-independent fluorescence. The resulting S/N/Cl-CDs significantly enhanced the CL intensity of the Ce(IV) system. In the presence of S<sup>2−</sup>, the CL intensity of the Ce(IV)-S/N/Cl-CDs system was significantly enhanced, enabling direct S<sup>2−</sup> detection with a linear range of 1.0–100.0 µM and a detection limit of 0.1 µM. Conversely, PUE strongly quenched the CL signal of the Ce(IV)-S/N/Cl-CDs-S<sup>2−</sup> system. This inhibition effect was leveraged to develop a method for PUE determination over the range 0.4–60.0 µM with a detection limit of 43.0 nM. The method was successfully applied to environmental water samples for S<sup>2−</sup> determination and beverage samples for PUE quantification, achieving recoveries ranging from 96.8% to 104.0%. This approach provided a reliable, rapid, and cost-effective platform for environmental monitoring and pharmaceutical quality control.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Heteroatoms-functionalized carbon dots as chemiluminescence probe for the detection of sulfide and puerarin

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月14日

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  • Zixuan Wang,
  • Xiaowei Wang,
  • Suqin Han

摘要

Sulfur, nitrogen, and chlorine co-doped carbon dots (S/N/Cl-CDs) were developed as novel probe for chemiluminescence (CL)-based detection of sulfide ions (S2−) and puerarin (PUE). The S/N/Cl-CDs were synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal process using citric acid and L-cysteine hydrochloride as precursors, resulting in uniform particles (< 5 nm) with high solubility and excitation-independent fluorescence. The resulting S/N/Cl-CDs significantly enhanced the CL intensity of the Ce(IV) system. In the presence of S2−, the CL intensity of the Ce(IV)-S/N/Cl-CDs system was significantly enhanced, enabling direct S2− detection with a linear range of 1.0–100.0 µM and a detection limit of 0.1 µM. Conversely, PUE strongly quenched the CL signal of the Ce(IV)-S/N/Cl-CDs-S2− system. This inhibition effect was leveraged to develop a method for PUE determination over the range 0.4–60.0 µM with a detection limit of 43.0 nM. The method was successfully applied to environmental water samples for S2− determination and beverage samples for PUE quantification, achieving recoveries ranging from 96.8% to 104.0%. This approach provided a reliable, rapid, and cost-effective platform for environmental monitoring and pharmaceutical quality control.

Graphical abstract