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<p>Given the extreme toxicity and carcinogenicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in foodstuffs and medicinal products, ultrasensitive detection for it is critically important. Herein, we engineered a type-II dual WO<sub>3</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/Cu<sub>2</sub>O-Au heterojunction via hydrothermal synthesis and photoreduction, which synergistically integrates the structural stability of WO<sub>3</sub>, the visible-light response of Cu<sub>2</sub>O, the optimal band alignment of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, and the plasmonic enhancement effect of Au nanoparticles. Leveraging the band structure differences among these constituent semiconductor components, this architecture enables efficient separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, resulting in a 6.7-fold enhancement in photocurrent compared to pristine WO<sub>3</sub>. Integrating this optimized photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor platform with aptamer-based specific recognition, the biosensor achieves ultrasensitive quantification of AFB1 across a 7-order-of-magnitude linear range (10⁻⁵ ng/mL to 100 ng/mL) and an ultra-low limit of detection (LOD) of 2.29&#xa0;fg/mL. Validation through highly sensitive determination of AFB1 in real <i>Astragalus</i> samples (a widely used Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)) yielding recoveries ranging from 98.5% to 102.1% verifies its applicability for quality control of medicinal products. This work presents a high-performance PEC biosensor for AFB1 and establishes a generalized component integration strategy for designing heterostructured nanomaterials aimed at detecting ultra-trace mycotoxins in complex food and pharmaceutical matrices.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Novel dual type-II WO3/g-C3N4/Cu2O-Au heterojunction-based photoelectrochemical aptasensor for ultra-sensitive AFB1 detection in Astragalus matrix

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月20日

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  • Yanrui Xu,
  • Hongfen Zhang,
  • Zilong Zhang,
  • Jie Li,
  • Feifei Zong,
  • Yurui Qi,
  • Yaru Wang,
  • Yadan Wu

摘要

Given the extreme toxicity and carcinogenicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in foodstuffs and medicinal products, ultrasensitive detection for it is critically important. Herein, we engineered a type-II dual WO3/g-C3N4/Cu2O-Au heterojunction via hydrothermal synthesis and photoreduction, which synergistically integrates the structural stability of WO3, the visible-light response of Cu2O, the optimal band alignment of g-C3N4, and the plasmonic enhancement effect of Au nanoparticles. Leveraging the band structure differences among these constituent semiconductor components, this architecture enables efficient separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, resulting in a 6.7-fold enhancement in photocurrent compared to pristine WO3. Integrating this optimized photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor platform with aptamer-based specific recognition, the biosensor achieves ultrasensitive quantification of AFB1 across a 7-order-of-magnitude linear range (10⁻⁵ ng/mL to 100 ng/mL) and an ultra-low limit of detection (LOD) of 2.29 fg/mL. Validation through highly sensitive determination of AFB1 in real Astragalus samples (a widely used Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)) yielding recoveries ranging from 98.5% to 102.1% verifies its applicability for quality control of medicinal products. This work presents a high-performance PEC biosensor for AFB1 and establishes a generalized component integration strategy for designing heterostructured nanomaterials aimed at detecting ultra-trace mycotoxins in complex food and pharmaceutical matrices.

Graphical Abstract